Effects of Lidocaine Hydrochloride on Canine Granulocytes, Granulocyte CD11b Expression and Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Lidocaine hydrochloride (Lido) is widely used for analgesia in veterinary medicine; however, in humans, it has been suggested that Lido attenuates granulocyte functions, such as adhesion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Thus, Lido may affect canine granulocyte function; however, there have been no reports on the effects of Lido on canine granulocyte function. Thus, we studied the effects of Lido on canine granulocyte CD11b expression and ROS production. We further studied the effects of Lido on the priming of canine granulocyte CD11b expression and ROS production by recombinant canine granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rcGM-CSF). Isolated granulocytes were incubated with 3, 30 or 300 g/ml Lido, or with Lido followed by priming with 5 ng/ml rcGM-CSF. CD11b was detected by the immune fluorescent antibody method, and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was assayed by flow cytometry. ROS production was assessed by the peak time (PT) of ROS production and area under the luminol reaction curve (AUC), which represents total ROS production quantity against opsonized zymosan stimuli. Only 300 g/ml Lido (tissue level observed by regional block) significantly attenuated both the MFI of CD11b and its enhancement by rcGM-CSF. Moreover, at this concentration, the AUC and its enhancement by rcGM-CSF were significantly attenuated by Lido; in contrast, Lido did not affect PT. In conclusion, Lido suppressed granulocyte adhesion to the endothelium and antiseptic capability by suppressing CD11b expression and/or ROS production. Particular care should thus be exercised when performing regional anesthesia block using Lido.

The immune response to anesthesia: Part 2 sedatives, opioids, and injectable anesthetic agents

“…Similarly, Maeda et al. () found a reduction in CD11b expression, reduced adhesion to vascular endothelium, and decreased ROS production after canine granulocytes were incubated with lidocaine in vitro . It is possible that the benefits of lidocaine are due to an indirect effect on white blood cells, specifically neutrophils, by preventing the priming or activation of those cells (Mikawa et al.…”

The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction

“…However, at the latter dosage, lidocaine does not exert its beneficial effect as a consequence of impaired neutrophil influx into intestinal mucosa, although other anti‐inflammatory mechanisms may be operative . Because in vitro studies of bovine and canine peripheral blood demonstrate decreased adhesion molecule expression in a dose‐dependent manner and as the threshold for serum lidocaine toxicity is double that of 980 ng/mL, we elected to deliver a higher dosage to potentially maximize our ability to detect a significant lidocaine effect on neutrophilic inflammation. However, in rabbit studies of endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury, delivery of IV lidocaine at 0.03 mg/kg/min (plasma lidocaine concentrations not provided) significantly decreases neutrophilic infiltration into pulmonary parenchyma.…”