= temperature change due to laser irradiation, K Δt = pulse-to-pulse period, s Δv LEO = velocity change for deorbit from low Earth orbit, m∕s Δv max = maximum velocity change, m∕s ε = emissivity η res = fraction of residual heat κ = heat conductivity, W∕m ⋅ K ϱ = density, kg∕m 3 σ SB = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 × 10 −8 W∕m 2 ⋅ K 4 τ L = laser pulse duration, s τ th = thermal relaxation time, s Φ T = laser pulse fluence on the target surface, J∕m 2