Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria‐Fermented Soymilk on Isoflavone Metabolites and Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Excretion and Their Modulating Effects on Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain ASCC 1520 with high soy isoflavone transformation ability was used to ferment soymilk and added to the diet of mice. The impact of L. rhamnosus fermentation on soy isoflavone metabolites and intestinal bacterial community, in conjunction with fecal enzyme activity and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion was evaluated. Antibiotics intervention resulted in a decrease in fecal enzyme activities and SCFA. Although long‐term intake of soymilk or L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk did not affect the fecal β‐glucuronidase and β‐galactosidase activities, it improved the β‐glucosidase activity when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Soymilk or fermented soymilk administration increased the isoflavone metabolites (O‐DMA and equol) excreted in urine. Antibiotics decreased the daidzein excretion and its metabolites but showed little effect on glycitein and genistein excretion. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the 16s rRNA gene sequencing data found a remarkable shift in gut microbiota after soymilk administration and antibiotics treatment. Matastats test of the relative abundance of bacterial taxa revealed Odoribacter (Bacteroidales family), Lactobacillus (Lactobacillales order), and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae family) were enriched in soymilk while bacterial taxa from Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were enriched in L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk. Furthermore, there was less decrease in bacterial taxa with fermented soymilk group even when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Overall, this study revealed that the gut microbiota of a healthy host is enough for the whole isoflavone metabolism under normal conditions. Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used. Practical Application Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used.

Synbiotic fermented soymilk with Weissella cibaria FB069 and xylooligosaccharides prevents proliferation in human colon cancer cells

“…To address this problem, the use of lactic acid fermentation to increase the aglycone content in soymilk could be an interesting approach that will simultaneously provide additional benefits. It has been demonstrated that fermentation increases isoflavone aglycone concentrations and bioavailability (Dai et al ). Furthermore, other bioactive components including folic acid (vitamin B9), vitamin D, soluble calcium, dextran and latifolicinin A are generated during different soy fermentations, making the selection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)—as probiotics and fermentation starters—appropriate (Chiang and Pan ; Dai et al ).…”

“…It has been demonstrated that fermentation increases isoflavone aglycone concentrations and bioavailability (Dai et al ). Furthermore, other bioactive components including folic acid (vitamin B9), vitamin D, soluble calcium, dextran and latifolicinin A are generated during different soy fermentations, making the selection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)—as probiotics and fermentation starters—appropriate (Chiang and Pan ; Dai et al ). Several studies have been conducted on soymilk fermented with LAB, as soymilk itself has limitations in terms of its peculiar flavour and high levels of undigested oligosaccharides, which cause flatulence (Alauddin and Kabir ; Zaheer and Gupta ).…”

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure with Probiotics and Isoflavone Alleviates Metabolic Disorder in Ovariectomized Mice

“…SIFs have chemical structures and functions similar to those of estradiol and can be metabolized by the intestinal bacteria to produce more bioavailable metabolites [ 53 , 54 ]. Probiotics have been reported to promote the bioavailability of SIFs by potentiating the conversion of inactive SIFs to active metabolites [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. The synergistic effects of probiotics and SIFs has always been of interest but the lack of conclusions is likely due to the differences of the tested probiotic strains.…”

Microbiome‐metabolomic analyses of the impacts of dietary stachyose on fecal microbiota and metabolites in infants intestinal microbiota‐associated mice

“…SCFAs can simultaneously provide energy and nutrition for growth of the host and microorganisms. 7 Intestinal bacteria can also participate in host metabolism and form a cometabolic relationship with the host. With the increasing understanding of the metabolic function of intestinal microbiota, host metabolism has been shown to not only be controlled by host genes but also by the cometabolism of the host symbiotic intestinal microbiota.…”