Effects of L‐arabinose by hypoglycemic and modulating gut microbiome in a high‐fat diet‐ and streptozotocin‐induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

L‐arabinose is a good and healthy food additive. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of L‐arabinose in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by exposure to a high‐fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). The model mice received L‐arabinose at 20 and 60 mg (kg body weight [bw])−1d−1, metformin at 300 mg (kg bw)−1d−1 (positive control) or sterile water (control) via oral gavage. Compared with the model group, mice treated with L‐arabinose exhibited attenuated symptoms of diabetes mellitus, including a slower rate of body weight loss, increased homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function index levels, decreased blood glucose, alleviation of steatosis, and repair of pancreatic islet cells. L‐arabinose also exerted an anti‐inflammatory effect and partially mitigated dyslipidemia. A 16S‐rRNA sequence analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that at the phylum level, treatment with L‐arabinose significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes due to a decreased relative abundance of Firmicutes; at the genus level, it reversed the increase in the relative abundance of Allobaculum and the decrease abundance of Oscillospira caused by exposure to an HFD and STZ. And the model mice received L‐arabinose at 20 mg (kg bw)−1d−1 had a better effect on improving T2DM than the high‐dose group supplemented L‐arabinose at 60 mg (kg bw)−1d−1. These results strongly suggest L‐arabinose as an excellent candidate supplement to prevent or treat T2DM. Practical applications L‐arabinose, xylitol and sucralose are well‐known substitutes for sucrose. L‐arabinose has been reported to have beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, glycemic index, and fat accumulation. In this study, we found that low‐dose (20 mg (kg bw)−1d‐1) supplementation of L‐arabinose significantly improved glucose intolerance and gut microbiota incoordination in T2DM caused by HFD and STZ.

d-Arabitol Ameliorates Obesity and Metabolic Disorders via the Gut Microbiota–SCFAs–WAT Browning Axis

“…These positive changes with D-arabitol supplementation were very close or similar to those of xylitol, which are effective in controlling obesity and attenuating metabolic disorders. Similar results were also reported with L-arabinose, 33 5−10% xylitol, 23 and 60 mg/(kg b.w.) D-pinitol 34 in type 2 diabetes mellitus.…”

Low Dose of Sucralose Alter Gut Microbiome in Mice

“…Besides, Allobaculums of T1 and T4 group were significantly higher in mice jejunum, ileum and colon. Many research had shown Allobaculums significantly increased in diabetes model group compared with normal group (47,48). However, whether sucralose administration will induce diabetes by altering gut microbiota, it requires further research.…”

“…In colon, Firmicutes-Allobaculum (F20) in T1 group and Firmicutes-Allobaculum (F66, F49) in T4 group increased significantly than other groups (Control, T2, T3). Allobaculum is not only positive related to diabetes (47,48), but also related to ileal RORγT and IL-17 levels (56), induced susceptibility to autoimmune encephalitis (57), increased the expansion of inflammatory T helper 17 cells in gut (58). So, low dose of sucralose (T1, 0.0003 g/mL) consumption significantly altered mice gut microbiome, it might contribute to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory, these changes same as most previous study had indicated sucralose intake at human ADI (T4, 0.03 mg/mL) altered the gut microbiome in mice (5,18,41,46).…”

Treadmill Exercise Modulates Intestinal Microbes and Suppresses LPS Displacement to Alleviate Neuroinflammation in the Brains of APP/PS1 Mice

“…Hence, Erysipelotrichales and Erysipelotrichaceae are harmful bacteria associated with intestinal flora disorders and inflammation. It has been shown that Allobaculum species were significantly increased in a diabetic model group compared with a normal group [ 70 , 71 ]. Interestingly, AD has many similarities to diabetes and is even gradually being considered as type 3 diabetes [ 72 ].…”