Effects of kola‐nut extract administration on the liver, kidney, brain, testis and some serum constituents of the rat

Ikegwuonu, Fidelis I.; Aire, Tom A.; Ogwuegbu, S. O.

doi:10.1002/jat.2550010603

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The observed increased serum creatinine in the caffeine and kolanut treated groups indicates that chronic consumption of caffeine or kolanut may result in renal dysfunctions and development of nephritis (Ikegwuonu et al, 2006). The significant decrease in serum lipid profile in the this study is in agreement with previous study which showed that triglycerol level was decreased after treatment with caffeine (Ikegwuonu et al, 1981;Birkner et al, 2006). Also, the observed significant increase in glycerol, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides in caffeine groups and decaffeinated kolanut extracts treated animals in this study agree with other reports (Curb et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats

Omoaghe¹,

Isehunwa²

2015

J. Med. Plants Res.

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In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyse the isolated caffeine from kolanut and deternine the acute and chronic toxicity of the extract and the isolated caffeine. In chronic toxicity test, rats were divided into five groups (10 rats per group). Each rat was administered with normal saline (control group), crude kolanut extract (11.9 mg/kg), isolated caffeine (7.5 mg/kg), synthetic caffeine (6 mg/kg) or (6 mg/kg) decaffeinated kolanut extract orally for 90 days. Biochemical assessment and body weight of the rats were determined. In acute test, the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to the rat and observed for 48 h post treatment. This dose caused behavioural changes but did not cause mortality in the rats tested. The results of the chronic administration showed that caffeine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased body weight. Liver enzymes were significantly (P < 0.05) increase, total plasma protein levels, creatinine, bilirubin, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total serum cholesterol levels were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher. However, urea was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the caffeine treated groups. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the isolated caffeine from kolanut extract contains 82.69% pure caffeine with 96% in quality. Our results showed that the kolanut extract is rich in high quality caffeine and chronic consumption of it is associated with significant toxic effects as shown by elevated biochemical parameters, and reduction in body weight.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Secondly, after an extensive search of the literature, only one report (Ikegwuonu et al, 1981) which was not detailed enough was found on the toxicity of an extract of kolanut. We therefore investigated further on the acute and chronic toxicities of the kolanut extract and the isolated caffeine compounds in the extract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats

Omoaghe¹,

Isehunwa²

2015

J. Med. Plants Res.

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“…The significantly lower body and brain weights observed up to PND 14 for pups from kola nut-treated dams as compared to control dams is in line with findings by Ikegwuonu et al [18] and Umoren et al [17], who reported a decrease in body weight when kola nut was administered to rats. Kola nut is well known to suppress the function of hunger centres in the brain and there is documentary evidence about ancient African soldiers who after taking kola nut could go on for days without food [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Kola nut has been used as aphrodisiac and appetite suppressant [16], as it has been found to cause decrease in food and water intake [17]. Other studies have investigated its effects on the heart, liver and kidney [18], stomach [19,20], male reproductive system [21,22], behavioural and endocrine system [13,[23][24][25][26], body weight [13,17], the brain [27], and brain sodium pump activity [28]. Kola nut is also one of the herbal fruits that get consumed by pregnant women in Nigeria [29,30].…”

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confidence: 99%

Kola nut from Cola nitida vent. Schott administered to pregnant rats induces histological alterations in pups’ cerebellum

et al. 2021

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Kola nut (from Cola nitida) is popular in Nigeria and West Africa and is commonly consumed by pregnant women during the first trimester to alleviate morning sickness and dizziness. There is, however, a dearth of information on its effects on the developing brain. This study, therefore, investigated the potential effects of kola nut on the structure of the developing neonatal and juvenile cerebellum in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered water (as control) or crude (aqueous) kola nut extract at 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight orally, from pregnancy to day 21 after birth. On postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, the pups were weighed, anaesthetised, sacrificed and perfused with neutral buffered formalin. Their brains were dissected out, weighed and the cerebellum preserved in 10% buffered formalin. Paraffin sections of the cerebellum were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for cerebellar cytoarchitecture, cresyl violet stain for Purkinje cell count, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for estimation of gliosis, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) IHC for apoptosis induction. The kola nut-treated rats exhibited initial reduction in body and brain weights, persistent external granular layer, increased molecular layer thickness, and loss of Bergmann glia. Their Purkinje cells showed reduction in density, loss of dendrites and multiple layering, and their white matter showed neurodegeneration (spongiosis) and GFAP and Bcl-2 over-expression, with evidence of reactive astrogliosis. This study, therefore, demonstrates that kola nut, administered repeatedly at certain doses to pregnant dams, could disrupt normal postnatal cerebellar development in their pups. The findings suggest potential deleterious effects of excessive kola nut consumption on human brain and thus warrant further studies to understand the wider implications for human brain development.

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“…The nut has been shown to possess antioxidant, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective effects amongst others (Tachie-Obeng and Brown, 2004). Studies on the toxicological properties and effects of kola nuts have been reported (Ikegwuonu et al, 1981;Burdock et al, 2009;Atiba et al, 2021) and implicated in organ toxicity (Nneli et al, 2007;Umoren et al, 2011;Emmanuel et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in the hippocampal memory index and biochemical indices in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to intrauterine kola nut

Atiba

Nkomozepi

Mbajiorgu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Kola nut is commonly consumed by pregnant women to suppress symptoms of morning sickness. This study investigated the effects of kola nut on the biochemical indices of the hippocampus and its dependent memory. Kola nut extract was fed to pregnant dams from the first day of their pregnancy until parturition. The following behavioral function tests were conducted: surface righting (SR); cliff avoidance (post-natal day [PND] 4, 5, 6 & 7); open field; novel object recognition and location; and radial-arm maze (PND 21 and 56). The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholine (ACh), and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the matched hippocampal tissues were also checked in the pups. The kola nut-treated pups showed significantly reduced behavioral indices compared to the pups in the control group: lower postural balance, higher risk avoidance memory, and lower frequency in pivoting and rearing compared to that in the control group. However, the frequency of urine and fecal bolus was significantly lower in the pups in the control group than that in the treated pups. The discrimination ratio of the control group pups in novel object recognition (NOR) and novel object location (NOL) was significantly higher than that in the treated pups, and the time taken by the treated pups to complete RAM was significantly higher. The levels of ACh and BDNF in the treated pups were increased compared to that in control pups. A positive correlation was found between MDA and SR (r = 0.7207; p = 0.0437), grooming (r = 0.7707; p = 0.0252), and fecal bolus (r = 0.7606; p = 0.0284), as well with the BDNF level in those treated with grooming (r = 0.7570; p = 0.0297). However, negative correlations between ACh and rearing (r = -0.8261; p = 0.0115) and fecal bolus (r = -0.8066; p = 0.0156) and a positive correlation with NOL (r = 0.8358; p = 0.0098) were observed. Based on these observations, the study concluded that Kola nut affects both biochemical and hippocampal memory profiles.

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Effects of kola‐nut extract administration on the liver, kidney, brain, testis and some serum constituents of the rat

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats

Kola nut from Cola nitida vent. Schott administered to pregnant rats induces histological alterations in pups’ cerebellum

Dynamic changes in the hippocampal memory index and biochemical indices in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to intrauterine kola nut

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