Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extracts of kolanut (Cola nitida) (vent) and its toxicity studies in rats

Abstract

In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyse the isolated caffeine from kolanut and deternine the acute and chronic toxicity of the extract and the isolated caffeine. In chronic toxicity test, rats were divided into five groups (10 rats per group). Each rat was administered with normal saline (control group), crude kolanut extract (11.9 mg/kg), isolated caffeine (7.5 mg/kg), synthetic caffeine (6 mg/kg) or (6 mg/kg) decaffeinated kolanut extract orally for 90 days. Biochemical assessment and body weight of the rats were determined. In acute test, the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to the rat and observed for 48 h post treatment. This dose caused behavioural changes but did not cause mortality in the rats tested. The results of the chronic administration showed that caffeine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased body weight. Liver enzymes were significantly (P < 0.05) increase, total plasma protein levels, creatinine, bilirubin, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total serum cholesterol levels were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher. However, urea was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the caffeine treated groups. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the isolated caffeine from kolanut extract contains 82.69% pure caffeine with 96% in quality. Our results showed that the kolanut extract is rich in high quality caffeine and chronic consumption of it is associated with significant toxic effects as shown by elevated biochemical parameters, and reduction in body weight.

Effect of Caffeine on Some Selected Biochemical Parameters Using Rat Model

“…The observed decrease was significant ( < 0.05) in test groups against the control (Figure 3). This observation is in line with earlier works of Urgert et al [38] and Fried [39] that reported similar decrease in rats placed on filtered and unfiltered caffeine but not in line with the observation of Salahdeen et al [40]. It has been hypothesized that liver enzymes are a target for caffeine or other components of coffee [37].…”

Bioactivity of bizzy nut extract in prostate cancer cells

“…It is hard to predict whether such concentration of Biz-2Fr.3 was achievable in the in vivo studies in the absence of pharmacokinetic data. Nonetheless, the Biz--2 concentrations used in the present study are within the range employed in previous studies to document cellular effects of this natural product (Salahdeen et al, 2015). In summary, the present study identified a bioactive component of bizzy nut that suppresses the growth of androgen--responsive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-independent (DU145) human prostate cancer cells in association with G1 phase cell cycle arrest.…”

“…Studies in animals on the effects of chronic (28 days) consumption of Bizzy nut and its active major constituent caffeine have been investigated in mice. These studies report that the chronic consumption of Bizzy nut and caffeine diets caused an apparent toxicity as side effects from a decrease in food intake and body weight and the observed effects are largely due to the high caffeine content (Umoren et al, 2009;Salahdeen et al, 2015;Moradi et al, 2016). Humans have consumed plant phytochemicals for an extensive period and so they are perceived to be reasonably safe.…”

Mini-review on the phyto-chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of <i>Cola nitida</i> (Vent.) Schott & Endl. (Malvaceae): A medically interesting bio-resource of multiple purposes in Africa

“…An ethno-medicinal survey carried out by Amujoyegbe and coworkers revealed that the medicinal plant species Cola nitida is traditionally used in Southern Nigeria as medicine for the management of sickle cell disorder (Amujoyegbe et al, 2016). Salahdeen et al (2015) extracted caffeine from kola nuts and used rats as a model system to assess the extract's acute and chronic toxicity in vivo. The results demonstrated that prolonged caffeine administration reduced animal body weight significantly (p < 0.05).…”

“…Among medicinal plants with therapeutic virtues, there are species belonging to the Cola genus (Adewale & Adekunle, 2018;Erukainure et al, 2019). The genus Cola belongs to the family Sterculiaceae (Dah-Nouvlessounon et al, 2015;Salahdeen et al, 2015).…”