Effects of intrauterine growth retardation in premature infants on early childhood growth

Strauß, Richard; Dietz, William H.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70316-0

Cited by 91 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Only a small proportion of these children -the proportion being similar for children born to smoking and non-smoking pregnant women -are overweight at 4.5 years, even when they are in the highest quintiles of weight gain in their first months of life. This finding accords with other studies indicating that children born with lower weights tend to stay smaller in early childhood, 19,20 given that high birth weights are more consistently associated with later obesity than low birth weights. 18 With reference to maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, and weight gain in the first months of life, our analysis indicates that three groups of children were the most prone to being overweight at 4.5 years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

2006

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Objectives: The roots of the obesity epidemic need to be traced back as early in life as possible in order to develop effective means for preventing obesity and its health consequences in the future. The aim of this paper is to examine a broad range of factors that may simultaneously contribute to childhood overweight in a population-based cohort of children followed from birth to 4.5 years, to determine which factors exert the most influence in early life. Design: The analyses were performed using data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998. Subjects: The study follows a representative sample (n ¼ 2103) of children born in 1998 in the Canadian province of Quebec. Measure: Measured height and weight were available for 1550 children aged 4.5 years. At 4.5 years, BMI was analyzed using the US CDC sex-and age-specific growth charts. In order to study children at their highest weights at various ages, odds ratios were presented for high birth weight, weight-for-stature at or above the 95th percentile at 5 months, and BMI at or above the 95th percentile at 4.5 years. Monthly weight gain between birth and five months has been analyzed. Children were also evaluated by the Z-score obtained from the standardized weight divided by height. Factors potentially related to children's weight include sex, gestational age and birth rank, breastfeeding, mothers' smoking status during pregnancy, family type at child's birth, and family income before pregnancy and when the children were 5 months and 4.5 years old. Other parental factors such as height and overweight/obesity (based on BMI) and other maternal factors (age, education, immigrant status) were also part of the analysis. Results: Being in the highest quintiles of weight gain between birth and 5 months, as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy, almost double the odds of being overweight at 4.5 years. Parental overweight or obesity also increased the odds of being overweight at this age, as well as being raised in middle-income or in poor families. A greater proportion of children born to nonsmoking mothers with higher weights (more than 4000 g) were overweight at 4.5 years, the percentage being greatest for those in the highest weight-gain categories from birth to 5 months. The pattern was different for children born to smoking mothers. The greatest proportion of 4.5-year-old overweight children was seen for children born in the normal weight-range category (3000-4000 g) who were in the highest quintiles of weight gain from birth to 5 months, and for children with high birth weights (more than 4000 g) who were in the lowest quintiles of birth-to-5-months weight gain. Children who were overweight at 4.5 years and who had been born to smoking mothers started life with a birth weight around that for the population means, but they gained more weight in the first 5 months of life than did the children of nonsmoking mothers. Conclusion: This study indicates that behavioral and social factors exert critical influences on the onset of childhood overweight...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

2006

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“…Two largescale studies support the view that SGA infants remain smaller through early childhood. 17,18 However, TF was not available during either study. Our findings suggest that the growth of SGA infants provided high-nutrient formula may be potentiated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of the Introduction of a High-Nutrient Transitional Formula on Growth and Development of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

et al. 2002

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“…Small for gestational age (SGA) birth is associated with neurologic sequelae, [1][2][3] even though children born SGA are known for their ability to catch up on weight and height. 4,5 Nevertheless, in 10% of full-term (FT) children and in up to 40% of preterm (PT) children, this catchup is insufficient.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,8 These poorer outcomes are most likely based on a permanently altered brain structure after chronic deficits in nutritional and oxygen requirements in the fetal period. 2 We distinguish 2 types of growth restriction: proportionate or symmetric growth restriction (SGR) and disproportionate or asymmetric growth restriction (AGR). 9,10 It is assumed that symmetry or asymmetry depends on the timing and the origin of fetal growth restriction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Growth Restriction in Preterm-Born Children

Bocca-Tjeertes

Bos²,

Kerstjens³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE: To determine how symmetric (proportionate; SGR) and asymmetric (disproportionate; AGR) growth restriction influence growth and development in preterms from birth to 4 years. METHODS: This community-based cohort study of 810 children comprised 86 SGR, 61 AGR, and 663 non–growth restricted (NGR) preterms, born in 2002 and 2003. Symmetrical growth restriction was defined as a birth weight below the 16th percentile (–1 SD) compared with full-terms and a head circumference (HC) z score not exceeding the infant’s birth weight z score by >1 SD. Asymmetric growth restriction was defined as a HC z score exceeding that for by >1 SD as a proxy of brain sparing. Developmental delay was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 4 years. RESULTS: Longitudinal gains in weight and height were similar for SGR and AGR children and less compared with NGR children. At age 4, z scores for weight were –1.1 for SGR and –0.7 for AGR children vs –0.3 for NGR children. z scores for height were –0.8 and –0.5 vs –0.2. HC gain were 2 cm more in SGR, but at 1 year, they were –0.2 vs 0.2 (AGR) and 0.1 (NGR). Developmental delay increased with odds ratios of 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1–6.0) for SGR and 2.1 (95% confidence interval 0.7–5.9) for AGR. CONCLUSIONS: Weight and height gains were similar for AGR and SGR children but poorer compared with NGR children. SGR children caught up on HC. Developmental delay was more likely in growth-restricted preterms independent of HC at birth.

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Effects of intrauterine growth retardation in premature infants on early childhood growth

Cited by 91 publications

References 37 publications

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

The Effects of the Introduction of a High-Nutrient Transitional Formula on Growth and Development of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Growth Restriction in Preterm-Born Children

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