Effects of intensive training on menstrual function and certain serum hormones and peptides related to the female reproductive system

Cho, Geum Joon; Han, Sung Won; Shin, Jung Ho; Kim, T.

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000006876

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The effect of exercise on plasma ghrelin has previously been investigated mostly in humans using exercise regimens such as treadmill running, cycling, and rowing, and also in a few rodent studies and in some other animal models. While many of these clinical studies and some preclinical studies demonstrated lower plasma ghrelin following exercise [36] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [69] , [70] , higher plasma ghrelin also has been observed [37] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [71] , [72] , [73] , as has unchanged plasma ghrelin [47] , [48] , [74] . The wide range of changes to plasma ghrelin could be due to the differences in the type, intensity, and duration of exercise, the metabolic and age profiles of the study subjects, the blood sample processing (which optimally is performed using a specific regimen to preserve bioactive acyl-ghrelin), and the types of ghrelin (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential role of the ghrelin system in mediating exercise capacity and the effects of exercise on food intake, body weight, and blood glucose are of particular interest given the central role of ghrelin in these processes [1] , [12] . The effect of exercise on plasma ghrelin levels has been investigated in multiple human and rodent studies although the results have been inconsistent, demonstrating either a decrease, increase, or no change [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] . Notwithstanding these discrepant observations on the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise, the impact of the ghrelin system on performance of exercise, food intake after exercise, and, more broadly, the healthy metabolic outcomes of exercise is not well-established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise

Mani

Castorena

Osborne-Lawrence

et al. 2018

Molecular Metabolism

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ObjectiveExercise training has several well-established health benefits, including many related to body weight, appetite control, and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms and, in particular, the hormonal systems that mediate and integrate these beneficial effects are poorly understood. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the role of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR; ghrelin receptor), in mediating the effects of exercise on food intake and blood glucose following exercise as well as in regulating exercise endurance capacity.MethodsWe used two mouse models of treadmill running to characterize the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise. We also assessed the role of the ghrelin system to influence food intake and blood glucose after exercise, exercise endurance, and parameters potentially linked to responses to exercise. Mice lacking GHSRs (GHSR-null mice) and wild-type littermates were studied.ResultsAn acute bout of exercise transiently elevated plasma acyl-ghrelin. Without the action of this increased ghrelin on GHSRs (as in GHSR-null mice), high intensity interval exercise markedly reduced food intake compared to control mice. The effect of exercise to acutely raise blood glucose remained unmodified in GHSR-null mice. Exercise-induced increases in plasma ghrelin positively correlated with endurance capacity, and time to exhaustion was reduced in GHSR-null mice as compared to wild-type littermates. In an effort to mechanistically explain their reduced exercise endurance, exercised GHSR-null mice exhibited an abrogated sympathoadrenal response, lower overall insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and altered glycogen utilization.ConclusionsExercise transiently increases plasma ghrelin. GHSR-null mice exhibit decreased food intake following high intensity interval exercise and decreased endurance when submitted to an exercise endurance protocol. These data suggest that an intact ghrelin system limits the capacity of exercise to restrict food intake following exercise, although it enhances exercise endurance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise

Mani

Castorena

Osborne-Lawrence

et al. 2018

Molecular Metabolism

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“…This study detected no evidence of а substаntial relationship between physical аctivities and menstrual disorders. Although physical activity increases the endorphin levels, suppresses the release of prostaglandins, improves the oxygen in muscles, and reduces sex hormones and cortisol, its association with menstrual disorders remains inconclusive [6,7,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can optimize the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, cortisol, prolactin, thyroid hormones, endorphins, and prostaglandins. These hormones and hormone-like compounds play a pivotal role in regulating the menstrual cycle and their disturbance can lead to menstrual disorders [6][7][8]. Although significant emotional and physical menstrual symptoms were detected among the physically inactive women [9][10], some studies denied any association between physical activities and menstrual irregularities [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Menstrual Disorders Аmong School Girls in Southern Egypt

Hassan¹,

Ahmed²,

Arafa³

2019

IJSN

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Introduction: Menstrual disorders are the most frequent gynecological diagnoses among young girls.Aim: This study was conducted to investigate whether physical activity could reduce menstrual disorders among schoolgirls.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 970 schoolgirls in Southern Egypt were assessed, using a questionnaire, for their socio-demographic characteristics, gynecological history, physical activity, and menstruаl disorders during the previous 6 months. Results: The mean аge of schoolgirls was 15.5 ± 0.8 yeаrs, menarche аge 13.2 ± 1.2 years, menstrual cycle durаtion 28.8 ± 7.3 dаys, and 76.1% were circumcised. After аdjustment for the socio-demographic and gynecological variables, physical activity wаs shown to be not associated with all premenstrual symptoms аnd dysmenorrheа (р -value > 0.05).Conclusion: No substantial associаtions between physical activities and menstruаl/premenstrualal symptoms can be concluded.Recommendations: Future cohort and interventional studies are needed to explain whether the risk of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms can be reduced by physical activity.

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“…On the basis of data obtained from a single pair of monozygotic twins (one eumenorrhoeal and one amenorrhoeal) Frye et al 47 concluded that there were no thermoregulatory differences during exercise heat stress. Clearly more research is needed, particularly given the reported prevalence of amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea among military women48 and the observation that intense military training may increase the prevalence of menstrual irregularity 49. Indeed, data from postmenopausal women suggest that their lower oestrogen levels are associated with an elevated T C , which can be reduced through the effects of exogenous oestrogen therapy lowering the temperature threshold for the heat loss effector mechanisms 50…”

Section: Hormonal Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in response to exercise heat stress in the context of the military environment

2020

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Women can now serve in ground close combat (GCC) roles, where they may be required to operate alongside men in hot environments. However, relative to the average male soldier, female soldiers are less aerobically fit, with a smaller surface area (AD), lower mass (m) with higher body fat and a larger AD/m ratio. This increases cardiovascular strain, reduces heat exchange with the environment and causes a greater body temperature increase for a given heat storage, although a large AD/m ratio can be advantageous. Physical employment standards for GCC roles might lessen the magnitude of fitness and anthropometric differences, yet even when studies control for these factors, women sweat less than men at high work rates. Therefore, the average female soldier in a GCC role is likely to be at a degree of disadvantage in many hot environments and particularly during intense physical activity in hot-arid conditions, although heat acclimation may mitigate some of this effect. Any thermoregulatory disadvantage may be exacerbated during the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, although the data are equivocal. Likewise, sex differences in behavioural thermoregulation and cognition in the heat are not well understood. Interestingly, there is often lower reported heat illness incidence in women, although the extent to which this is influenced by behavioural factors or historic differences in role allocation is unclear. Indeed, much of the extant literature lacks ecological validity and more work is required to fully understand sex differences to exercise heat stress in a GCC context.

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Effects of intensive training on menstrual function and certain serum hormones and peptides related to the female reproductive system

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise

Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise

Physical Activity and Menstrual Disorders Аmong School Girls in Southern Egypt

Sex differences in response to exercise heat stress in the context of the military environment

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