Effects of incomplete ionization of impurities in poly-Si gate and band gap narrowing on direct tunneling gate leakage current

Watanabe, Hiroshi; Takagi, Shin

doi:10.1063/1.1368868

Cited by 72 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As a result, the inspired oxygen level fell to 4–5% (nadir arterial oxygen saturation ca . 70%) for about 15 s per min, which mimics the recurrent episodic hypoxemia in OSA patients (Fletcher 2001). The desired oxygen level was established by a mixture of room air and nitrogen that was regulated and monitored by an oxygen analyzer (Vacumetrics Inc., CA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical manifestations of the OSA patient are allied with the pathophysiological consequence of chronic IH, leading to cardiovascular morbidity including systemic hypertension and increased risk of stroke (Fletcher 2001; Lavie et al 2000; Shamsuzzaman et al 2003). In experimental animals, chronic IH induces increased activities in the carotid chemoreceptor and sympathetic outflow, which could raise the arterial blood pressure (Prabhakar et al 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces local inflammation of the rat carotid body via functional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine pathways

Lam

Liu

et al. 2011

Histochem Cell Biol

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Maladaptive changes in the carotid body (CB) induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) account for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. We postulated that the proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cytokine receptors (IL-1r1, gp130 and TNFr1) locally expressed in the rat CB play a pathophysiological role in IH-induced CB inflammation. Results showed increased levels of oxidative stress (serum 8-isoprostane and nitrotyrosine in the CB) in rats with 7-day IH treatment resembling recurrent apneic conditions when compared with the normoxic control. Local inflammation shown by the amount of ED1-containing cells (macrophage infiltration) and the gene transcripts of NADPH oxidase subunits (gp91phox and p22phox) and chemokines (MCP-1, CCR2, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and ICAM-1) in the CB were significantly more in the hypoxic group than in the control. In addition, the cytokines and receptors were expressed in the lobules of chemosensitive glomus cells containing tyrosine hydroxylase and the levels of expressions were significantly increased in the hypoxic group. Exogenous cytokines elevated the intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) response to acute hypoxia in the dissociated glomus cells. The effect of cytokines on the [Ca2+]i response was significantly greater in the hypoxic than in the normoxic group. Moreover, daily treatment of IH rats with anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone or ibuprofen) attenuated the levels of oxidative stress, gp91phox expression and macrophage infiltration in the CB. Collectively, these results suggest that the upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokine pathways could mediate the local inflammation and functional alteration of the CB under chronic IH conditions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces local inflammation of the rat carotid body via functional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine pathways

Lam

Liu

et al. 2011

Histochem Cell Biol

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“…Human OSA and IH in rodents activate SNS and increase circulating catecholamine levels (Somers et al, 1989, 1995; Carlson et al, 1993; Dimsdale et al, 1995; Fletcher et al, 1995; Hedner et al, 1995; Bao et al, 1997; Narkiewicz et al, 1998, 1999). Activation of the SNS during IH occurs through the hypoxic chemo-reflex in the carotid body and ablation of the carotid sinus nerve prevents IH-induced hypertension (Fletcher et al, 1992a,b; Fletcher, 2001; Prabhakar et al, 2007; Prabhakar and Kumar, 2010). We and others have recently shown that sleep apnea raises circulating FFA levels in proportion to the severity of hypoxia (Barcelo et al, 2011; Jun et al, 2011) suggesting that IH leads to exuberant lipolysis in adipose tissue.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Nafld and Nash In Osamentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is the Liver Another Target?

Mirrakhimov¹,

Polotsky²

2012

Front. Neur.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is recurrent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH). OSA has been associated with all components of the metabolic syndrome as well as with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a common condition ranging in severity from uncomplicated hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD is liver biopsy. Obesity and insulin resistance lead to liver steatosis, but the causes of the progression to NASH are not known. Emerging evidence suggests that OSA may play a role in the progression of hepatic steatosis and the development of NASH. Several cross-sectional studies showed that the severity of IH in patients with OSA predicted the severity of NAFLD on liver biopsy. However, neither prospective nor interventional studies with continuous positive airway pressure treatment have been performed. Studies in a mouse model showed that IH causes triglyceride accumulation in the liver and liver injury as well as hepatic inflammation. The mouse model provided insight in the pathogenesis of liver injury showing that (1) IH accelerates the progression of hepatic steatosis by inducing adipose tissue lipolysis and increasing free fatty acids (FFA) flux into the liver; (2) IH up-regulates lipid biosynthetic pathways in the liver; (3) IH induces oxidative stress in the liver; (4) IH up-regulates hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha and possibly HIF-2 alpha, which may increase hepatic steatosis and induce liver inflammation and fibrosis. However, the role of FFA and different transcription factors in the pathogenesis of IH-induced NAFLD is yet to be established. Thus, multiple lines of evidence suggest that IH of OSA may contribute to the progression of NAFLD but definitive clinical studies and experiments in the mouse model have yet to be done.

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“…On the other hand, since all of the Si-N bonds cannot give the dangling bonds, we cannot directly extract 'N i from the measured profile of R. We should therefore carry out a careful study of the trap density (N T ) that is equal to Y DB ×R, where Y DB is the danglingbond (trap site) yield from Si-N atomistic bonds. In such a way, we self-consistently solve (3) considering Y DB as well as all the above-mentioned physical models [28]- [32], and can then obtain CV-characteristics. Fig.…”

Section: Influence Of Boron-contamination On Flat Band Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that the precise calculation of E F is indispensable for estimating the amount of the positive charge, which is described in detail in [28], [29]. In addition, E F has a significant influence on the estimation of the incomplete depletion layer [30] the weak accumulation layer [31] at the interface with the gate polysilicon.…”

Section: Ecs Transactions 35 (4) 303-320 (2011)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Discussion on Electron-Hole Universal Tunnel Mass in Ultrathin Dielectric of Oxide and Oxide-Nitride

Watanabe

2011

ECS Trans.

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MOS and MIS capacitor has been extensively studied in past several decades by many authors. It has been expected to reveal how basic physics relate electron device operation. In this structure, several physical phenomena co-work and then exhibit the electrical properties measured in IV-and CV-characteristics. On the other hand, the conventional models were established separately for the inversion layer (positive gate voltage), the depletion region (negative-low gate voltage), and the accumulation region (negative-high gate voltage). In addition, actual MOS/MIS samples have interfacial transition layer where physical properties are gradually changed from Si to oxide or other dielectric, the varying composition ratio of molecules and local traps owing to atomistic dangling bonds through dielectric layer. What will happen if we self-consistently unify all the physical models that are separately developed?

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Effects of incomplete ionization of impurities in poly-Si gate and band gap narrowing on direct tunneling gate leakage current

Abstract: Articles you may be interested inImproved gate oxide integrity of strained Si n -channel metal oxide silicon field effect transistors using thin virtual substrates

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces local inflammation of the rat carotid body via functional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine pathways

Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces local inflammation of the rat carotid body via functional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine pathways

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is the Liver Another Target?

Quantitative Discussion on Electron-Hole Universal Tunnel Mass in Ultrathin Dielectric of Oxide and Oxide-Nitride

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