Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia

Torre, Stella de la; Snowdon, Charles T.; Bejarano, Monserrat

doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00183-4

Cited by 161 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Human disturbance is very difficult to remove from shared habitat and human-wildlife conflict is inevitable, particularly in densely populous nations such as China. Here, it is clear that humans had an impact on the behavior of deer, but further data is needed on the longer-term consequences to reproductive success (Arroyo and Razin 2006), social behavior (de la Torre et al 2000), and population growth (Bejder et al 2006) as has been found for other species. Our findings that this ungulate species was able to establish a new activity pattern and minimize conflict with humans may excite many conservationists.…”

Section: Management Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

Pan

Teng

Cui

et al. 2010

AMBIO

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As human populations expand and nonhuman animals decline, understanding the interactions between people and wildlife is essential. For endangered species, appreciating the effect of human disturbance can be important for their conservation. However, a human disturbance angle is often absent from ecological research, despite growing evidence of the negative impact of nonfatal human interference. Here, we monitored Hainan Eld's deer living within a reserve and translocated animals living amongst villagers. We show that translocated deer deviated from a crepuscular activity pattern and became increasingly nocturnal, and most active when villagers were not. It appears that translocated deer adapted over time to human disturbance and this pattern is similar to that of other species during periods of hunting. People do not pose an actual threat to Eld's deer, but their presence triggered a response akin to predator avoidance and may be interfering with broader aspects of their biology and conservation.

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Section: Management Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

Pan

Teng

Cui

et al. 2010

AMBIO

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“…Close contact with large numbers of humans, including tourists, can cause stress in wild primates (Butynski 2001;Kinnaird and O'Brien 1996), avoidance of tourist areas (Boinski and Sirot 1997;Kinnaird and O'Brien 1996), and problems associated with overhabituation and hyperaggression (Boinski and Sirot 1997;Grossberg et al 2003;Small 1995;Zhao and Deng 1992). More subtle effects may include changes in habitat use, activity patterns (de la Torre et al 2000;Griffiths and van Schaik 1993;Kinnaird and O'Brien 1996;Koganezawa and Imaki 1999;Leary and Fa 1993;Treves and Brandon 2005), or communicative behavior (Johns 1996;de la Torre et al 1999) that may affect predator-prey relationships, intergroup relationships, diet, or social development. For example, de la Torre et al (2000) found that groups of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) that were exposed to relatively more tourists and tourist-related activities avoided the lower strata of the forest and engaged in less social play than less exposed groups did.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More subtle effects may include changes in habitat use, activity patterns (de la Torre et al 2000;Griffiths and van Schaik 1993;Kinnaird and O'Brien 1996;Koganezawa and Imaki 1999;Leary and Fa 1993;Treves and Brandon 2005), or communicative behavior (Johns 1996;de la Torre et al 1999) that may affect predator-prey relationships, intergroup relationships, diet, or social development. For example, de la Torre et al (2000) found that groups of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) that were exposed to relatively more tourists and tourist-related activities avoided the lower strata of the forest and engaged in less social play than less exposed groups did. They interpreted both changes as attempts by the marmosets to avoid contact with humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primate Tourism, Range Restriction, and Infant Risk Among Macaca thibetana at Mt. Huangshan, China

Berman

Ogawa

et al. 2007

Int J Primatol

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Primate tourism is a growing trend in habitat countries, but few assessments of its impact on primate groups are available. We compare infant mortality in a group of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) 6 yr before the government translocated the group and subsequently used them for tourism , 12 yr during management for tourism (1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002) 2004), and 1 yr when management was temporarily suspended (2003). We also compare aggression rates among adults before and during management, and test several hypotheses about specific factors (numbers of tourists, degree of range restriction, demographic changes, changes in α-males) that may have harmed infants. Infant mortality was significantly higher during management than before, but it was similar before management vs. during its suspension. After management began, serious attacks on infants occurred shortly before they died, and many infant corpses had bite wounds. Typically, infants sustained wounds after aggression broke out among adults in the provisioning area used for tourist viewing. Adult aggression rates in the provisioning area correlated positively with infant mortality over time. Range restriction accounted for 54.5% of the variation in infant mortality, and was more closely associated with both mortality and aggression than any other specific factor examined. We hypothesize that range restriction led to increased infant mortality by raising aggression levels in the provisioning area. We conclude that infant mortality is useful as an indicator of the impact of tourism on primate groups, and that range restriction is an inappropriate tourism management practice.

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“…Indeed, studies of the effects of human recreational disturbance on animal behaviour have demonstrated similar impacts to those of predation, such as decreased breeding success in some bird species (Piatt et al 1990, Giese 1996 and avoidance of energetically profitable, but disturbed, habitats in mammals, (e.g. chamois Rupicapra rupicapra (Gander & Ingold 1997) and pygmy marmosets Callithrix pygmaea (de la Torre et al 2000)). Several studies have also suggested that an animal's overall assessment of habitat quality takes disturbance into account by paying attention to the amount of cover providing protection against predation (Dill & Houtman 1989, Bonenfant & Kramer 1996.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Red deer Cervus elephus vigilance behaviour differs with habitat and type of human disturbance

Jayakody¹,

Sibbald²,

Gordon

et al. 2008

Wildlife Biology

113

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Red deer Cervus elaphus, even in wilderness areas, are increasingly exposed to disturbance from human recreation as well as hunting, and it has been suggested that both types of disturbance may be perceived as a predation risk. We studied the vigilance behaviour of red deer in the Scottish Highlands, in sites with traditionally high numbers of visitors ('disturbed') and sites with relatively few visitors ('less-disturbed') during the main recreational season (spring and summer), and in their mating grounds during the hunting season (autumn and winter). We carried out direct observations, using scan sampling at 3-minute intervals for 1-hour periods, and recorded the number of animals in each group that were vigilant and their mode of vigilance. During the recreational season, in both the disturbed and less-disturbed sites, data were collected in habitats with different levels of cover (grassland, heather and woodland). The percentage of animals that were vigilant was higher in disturbed than in less-disturbed sites, and higher in disturbed grassland (poor cover) and heather (intermediate cover) than in disturbed woodland (good cover). The majority of the vigilant animals in disturbed heather and woodland habitats and in all the less-disturbed habitats were standing. In disturbed grassland, however, lying was the main posture whilst vigilant. In both disturbed grassland and heather, the percentage of vigilant animals that were moving was higher than in woodland or the less-disturbed habitats. In disturbed sites, the deer were more likely to be aggregated when vigilance levels were high. During the hunting season, the overall level of vigilance was higher than at any sites during the recreational season, and the majority of vigilant animals were moving. We conclude that red deer respond to disturbance from human recreational activities by increasing their level of vigilance, but that the nature of their response varies with the level of cover available. We suggest that red deer may lie down when keeping vigil in grasslands, because lying animals are less conspicuous and the low cover will still allow animals to scan their surroundings. We conclude that, although they respond to both types of disturbance by increasing vigilance, red deer perceive human recreation as a less acute threat than hunting.

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Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia

Cited by 161 publications

References 17 publications

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

Eld’s Deer Translocated to Human-Inhabited Areas Become Nocturnal

Primate Tourism, Range Restriction, and Infant Risk Among Macaca thibetana at Mt. Huangshan, China

Red deer Cervus elephus vigilance behaviour differs with habitat and type of human disturbance

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