Effects of Horseshoe Crab Harvest in Delaware Bay on Red Knots: Are Harvest Restrictions Working?

Niles, Lawrence J.; Bart, Jonathan; Sitters, Humphrey P.; Dey, Amanda; Clark, Kathleen; Atkinson, Philip W.; Baker, Allan J.; Bennett, Karen A.; Kalasz, Kevin S.; Clark, Nigel A.; Clark, Jacquie A.; Gillings, Simon; Gates, Albert S.; González, Patricia M.; Hernández, Daniel E.; Minton, Clive; Morrison, R. I. Guy; Porter, Ronald R.; Ross, R. Kenyon; Veitch, C. R.

doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.2.8

Cited by 92 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Pacific golden-plovers (Pluvialis fulva) make 4-day, 4900 km flights from Alaska to Hawaii without touching the Pacific Ocean [16]. Red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) make flights across the Atlantic Ocean between South and North America lasting up to 6 days and spanning 8000 km [34]. However, the current record holder is a sub-species of the bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri) which migrates from Alaska to New Zealand, a flight spanning 11 690 km and lasting 8.1 days [35,36] (figure 2).…”

Section: Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Terns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleeping on the wing

Rattenborg¹

2017

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Wakefulness enables animals to interface adaptively with the environment. Paradoxically, in insects to humans, the efficacy of wakefulness depends on daily sleep, a mysterious, usually quiescent state of reduced environmental awareness. However, several birds fly non-stop for days, weeks or months without landing, questioning whether and how they sleep. It is commonly assumed that such birds sleep with one cerebral hemisphere at a time (i.e. unihemispherically) and with only the corresponding eye closed, as observed in swimming dolphins. However, the discovery that birds on land can perform adaptively despite sleeping very little raised the possibility that birds forgo sleep during long flights. In the first study to measure the brain state of birds during long flights, great frigatebirds ( Fregata minor ) slept, but only during soaring and gliding flight. Although sleep was more unihemispheric in flight than on land, sleep also occurred with both brain hemispheres, indicating that having at least one hemisphere awake is not required to maintain the aerodynamic control of flight. Nonetheless, soaring frigatebirds appeared to use unihemispheric sleep to watch where they were going while circling in rising air currents. Despite being able to engage in all types of sleep in flight, the birds only slept for 0.7 h d −1 during flights lasting up to 10 days. By contrast, once back on land they slept 12.8 h d −1 . This suggests that the ecological demands for attention usually exceeded that afforded by sleeping unihemispherically. The ability to interface adaptively with the environment despite sleeping very little challenges commonly held views regarding sleep, and therefore serves as a powerful system for examining the functions of sleep and the consequences of its loss.

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Section: Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Terns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleeping on the wing

Rattenborg¹

2017

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“…Migrants typically arrive at Delaware Bay asynchronously during late April-midMay, but depart en masse over a few days in late May-early June (Clark et al, 1993;Gillings et al, 2009). Assuming that arriving birds have similar masses regardless of arrival date (Gillings et al, 2009), we compared the expected antibody prevalence among Ruddy Turnstones at the mean arrival mass (96 g; Niles et al unpublished data, cited in US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003) to the estimated antibody prevalence on the mean departure date (1 June; unpublished data), or 48% and 99%, respectively. Thus, approximately 51% of the Ruddy Turnstone population seroconverted during the stopover.…”

Section: Aiv Dynamics In Ruddy Turnstonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although AIV has not been detected on wintering grounds, available information is limited. More information regarding when and where Red Knots are exposed or infected would be helpful to understand what role, if any, LPAI infection has had on recent population declines (Baker et al, 2004;Niles et al, 2009).…”

Section: Other Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each year, shorebirds begin arriving in early May following migrations from wintering and stopover areas in South America and the Caribbean (Myers et al, 1990;Morrison and Harrington, 1992) and depart for breeding grounds during late May-early June (Robinson et al, 2003). The stopover period is approximately 5 wk, although individual birds can remain for shorter periods (Gillings et al, 2009). From 12% to 80% of the North American populations of six species use Delaware Bay in spring, including Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa), Ruddy Turnstones, Sanderlings (Calidris alba), Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), Dunlins (Calidris alpina), and Short-billed Dowitchers (Limnodromus griseus) (reviewed by US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avian Influenza Virus Infection Dynamics in Shorebird Hosts

Maxted

Luttrell

Goekjian

et al. 2012

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:To gain insight into avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission, exposure, and maintenance patterns in shorebirds at Delaware Bay during spring migration, we examined temporal AIV prevalence trends in four Charadriiformes species with the use of serial crosssectional data from 2000 through 2008 and generalized linear and additive models. Prevalence of AIV in Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres morinella) increased after arrival, peaked in mid-late May, and decreased prior to departure. Antibody prevalence also increased over this period; together, these results suggested local infection and recovery prior to departure. Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa), Sanderlings (Calidris alba), and Laughing Gulls (Leucophaeus atricilla) were rarely infected, but dynamic changes in antibody prevalence differed among species. In Red Knots, declining antibody prevalence over the stopover period suggested AIV exposure prior to arrival at Delaware Bay with limited infection at this site. Antibody prevalence was consistently high in Laughing Gulls and low in Sanderlings. Both viral prevalence and antibody prevalence in Sanderlings varied directly with those in turnstones, suggesting virus spillover to Sanderlings. Results indicate that, although hundreds of thousands of birds concentrate at Delaware Bay during spring, dynamics of AIV infection differ among species, perhaps due to differences in susceptibility, potential for contact with AIV at this site, or prior exposure. Additionally, Ruddy Turnstones possibly act as a local AIV amplifying host rather than a reservoir.

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“…Their dependence on the eggs of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) during this stopover is well known, largely because overharvesting of horseshoe crabs by fishermen has decreased the availability of the eggs for shorebirds. A significant proportion of the northbound migrants stop in Delaware Bay [66]. During their brief stopover, the knots need to nearly double their weight to allow for the long migration north to the Arctic, and to have sufficient fat resources to lay eggs [61,67].…”

Section: Red Knotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat protection for sensitive species: Balancing species requirements and human constraints using bioindicators as examples

Burger¹,

Gochfeld²,

Powers³

et al. 2013

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Vertebrates have particular habitat needs as a function of life cycle and reproductive stage. This paper uses four species as examples to illustrate a paradigm of environmental assessment that includes physical, biological, toxicological and human dimensions. Species used include Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), northern pine snake (Pituophis m. melanoleucus), and red knot (Calidris canutus rufa, a sandpiper). The life cycles of these species include reliance on habitats that are aquatic, terrestrial, aerial, or combinations of these. Two species (frog, snake) are sedentary and two (salmon, sandpiper) are long-distance migrants. While some measurement endpoints are similar for all species (reproductive success, longevity, contaminant loads), others vary depending upon life cycle and habitat. Salmon have a restricted breeding habitat requiring coarse sand, moderate current, and high oxygen levels for adequate egg incubation. Leopard frogs require still water of appropriate temperature for development of eggs. Pine snakes require sand compaction sufficient to sustain a nest burrow without collapsing, and full sun penetration to the sand to allow their eggs in underground nests to incubate and hatch. Red knots migrate to high Arctic tundra, but incubate their own eggs, so temperature is less of a constraint, but feedinging habitat is. These habitat differences suggest the measurement endpoints that are essential to assess habitat suitability and to manage habitats to achieve stable and sustainable populations. Habitat use and population stability have implications for human activities for some, but not all species. Salmon are important economically, recreationally, and as part of Native American culture and diet. Red knots are of interest to people mainly because of their long, intercontinental migrations and declining populations. Other measurement endpoints for these four species illustrate the differences and similarities in metrics necessary to assess habitat needs. The implications of these differences are discussed.

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Effects of Horseshoe Crab Harvest in Delaware Bay on Red Knots: Are Harvest Restrictions Working?

Cited by 92 publications

References 22 publications

Sleeping on the wing

Sleeping on the wing

Avian Influenza Virus Infection Dynamics in Shorebird Hosts

Habitat protection for sensitive species: Balancing species requirements and human constraints using bioindicators as examples

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