Effects of High-Fat Diet on Mature Bone Mineral Content, Structure, and Mechanical Properties

Abstract

Diets with a high saturated fat content can produce deleterious effects on the absorption of dietary calcium and consequently an adverse effect on bone mineralization in growing animals. Hence dietary fat may have long-term consequences for skeletal health and skeletal pathologies such as osteoporosis. Whether a diet high in saturated fat has similar negative effects on adult bone, however, remains unresolved. Thus, we investigated effects of a high-fat diet on mature bone structure and mechanics. Adult (40-week-old) roosters were maintained for 20 weeks on either a diet high in saturated fat (HF) or a low-fat (LF) diet. Cortical bone samples (tarsometatarsus) were tested mechanically in three-point bending, and cancellous bone cores from the femoral condyles and tibial plateau (four sites per knee) were tested mechanically in compression. Cortical bone cross-sectional areal data were also compared among the groups, and bone mineral content (BMC) was determined (by ashing) for both cortical bone and cancellous bone samples. There were no significant high-fat diet effects on mature cortical bone mechanical properties, geometric structure, or mineral content. Diet, however, did affect cancellous bone composition. For example, LF cancellous BMC was significantly greater than HF. Mechanical properties of the cancellous bone showed similar trends such that LF cancellous bone strength was consistently greater than HF. The potential for adverse effects of a HF diet on intestinal calcium absorption in the mature animal may be more apparent in cancellous bone, with its faster rate of turnover, than in cortical bone. Changes in cancellous bone structure and mechanical properties, related to dietary saturated fats, may have implications for understanding the role of nutrition in skeletal health and prevention of pathological bone loss (osteoporosis).

The association between maternal diet during pregnancy and bone mass of the children at age 16

“…In this study, maternal fat density was negatively associated with BMD at femoral neck and lumbar spine consistent with our previous study where it was significant for lumbar spine only (Jones et al, 2000). The association is consistent with animal studies where high-fat diets could adversely affect bone by decreasing intestinal calcium absorption (Wohl et al, 1998) with a consequent adverse effect on bone mineralization in growing rats (Zernicke et al, 1995). Studies in adults are also consistent with an American national survey reporting that dietary saturated fat intake was inversely associated with bone density in humans (Corwin et al, 2006).…”

Bone histology of prehistoric inhabitants of the Canary Islands: Comparison between El Hierro and Gran Canaria

“…The same is valid for people consuming macrobiotic diets (Parsons et al, 1997). Excess dietary fat inhibits calcium absorption and may adversely affect bone mass (Wohl et al, 1998). Regarding protein, it is clear that either protein (Stewart, 1968) or protein-calorie malnutrition (Platt and Stewart, 1962) adversely affects bone development and bone mass.…”

High-fat diets affect energy and bone metabolism in growing rats

“…Diets with high-saturated fat content can produce deleterious effects on bone mineralization in growing animals [10]. Conversely, dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play an important role on body growth and bone metabolism [11] and in the prevention and treatment of bone disease [12].…”