Effects of heat flux scenarios on smoldering in cotton

Hagen, Bjarne Christian; Frette, Vidar; Kleppe, Gisle; Arntzen, Bjørn J.

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.08.001

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Third, since wood chips in deposits can be subjected to prolonged heating with a low effect, an investigation of the ignition temperatures as a function of time, moisture content, and biological catalysts would be very interesting. Ignition temperature as a function of heat flux scenario would also give valuable information, as this has previously been shown to impact smoldering for other cellulose‐based materials such as cotton and wood pellets…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of particle granularity on smoldering fire in wood chips made from wood waste: An experimental study

et al. 2020

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Fires in wood waste storages cause financial losses, are difficult to extinguish, and emit large amounts of fire effluents. The mechanisms related to fires in wood chip piles are not well elucidated. To find suitable preventive measures for handling such fires in wood waste, a better understanding of the physical properties of wood waste is needed. The present study investigates how granularity affects mechanisms of smoldering fire and transition to flaming in wood chip piles. Eighteen experiments with samples inside a top-ventilated, vertical cylinder were conducted. Heating from underneath the cylinder induced auto-ignition and smoldering fire, and temperatures and mass loss of the sample were measured. The results showed that granularity significantly affects the smoldering fire dynamics. Material containing larger wood chips (length 4-100 mm) demonstrated more irregular temperature development, higher temperatures, faster combustion, and higher mass losses than material of smaller wood chips (length <4 mm). The larger wood chips also underwent transition to flaming fires. Flaming fires were not observed for small wood chips, which instead demonstrated prolonged and steady smoldering propagation. The differences are assumed to be partly due to the different bulk densities of the samples of large and small wood chips affecting the ventilation conditions. Increased knowledge about these combustion processes and transition to flaming is vital to develop risk-reducing measures when storing wood chips made from wood waste in piles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The complexity of smoldering fires is thoroughly described in the literature . A smoldering fire is a flameless form of incomplete combustion, and the propagating reaction may leave behind a char that contains a significant amount of non‐combusted fuel, in addition to ash.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of particle granularity on smoldering fire in wood chips made from wood waste: An experimental study

et al. 2020

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“…Cotton is well known to be a material with a propensity to smoldering due to its chemical structure (cellulosic-charring with low heat release). [26][27][28] After five tests the material always transitioned to flaming within 31 to 45 minutes after exposure to the heat source. 3.1.9 | Polyester fabric/polyester batting/NFR PU foam (Poly/Poly/NFR foam)…”

Section: Cotton Fabric/cotton Batting/nfr Pu Foam (Cot/cot/nfr Foam)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying smoldering to flaming transition in polyurethane furnituresubassemblies: Effects of fabrics, flame retardants, and material type

et al. 2020

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The transition from smoldering to flaming was studied on fabric, batting, and foam assemblies via an electric spot ignition source of similar intensity to a cigarette. The materials studied included four different fabrics (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend, flame retardant cotton/polyester blend), two types of batting (cotton, polyester), and three types of polyurethane foam (nonflame retardant, flame retardant by FMVSS 302 testing, flame retardant by BS5852 testing). The results from testing found that materials highly prone to smoldering could propagate smoldering into foams and lead to ignition, whereas materials that tended to melt back from the ignition source did not. Flame retardant fabrics or foam can and do prevent the transition from smoldering to flaming provided sufficient levels of flame retardants are incorporated in the upholstery fabric or foam. The transition from smoldering to flaming of cotton fabric/nonflame retardant foam assembly was also studied using temperature measurements and evolved gas analysis. It was determined that the transition takes place when the oxygen consumption by accelerating smoldering front exceeds the oxygen supply. At this point, the solid fuel gasification becomes driven by thermal decomposition rather than by surface oxidation which leads to high enough concentrations of fuel for flaming combustion to occur.

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“…Smoldering combustion is a slow, low-temperature, flameless form of combustion sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen attacks the surface of a condensed phase fuel [5]. It has been studied for decades, generally from a fire safety perspective [6,7] and for a wide range of fuels such as: polyurethane foam [8][9][10][11][12][13], biomass [14][15][16][17][18], peat [19][20][21][22][23], cotton [24][25][26], char [27,28] and mining dumps [29,30].…”

Section: Smouldering Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-sustaining Smouldering Combustion as a Waste Treatment Process

Yermán¹

2016

Developments in Combustion Technology

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This chapter reviews the utilization of self-sustaining smouldering combustion as a treatment for solid or liquid waste, embedded in a porous matrix. Smouldering has been identified as an attractive solution to treat waste with high moisture content. The fundamental aspects of this technology, such as the experimental setup and the ignition mechanism, are described here. The operational parameters determine the physical properties of the media, and will dictate the self-sustainability of the process. A discussion on how the operational parameters affect the smouldering performance is also presented. The performance of smouldering is usually assessed by the peak temperatures and the velocity of propagation of the smouldering front through the material. The potential sources for energy recovery are described. Importantly, as oxidation and pyrolysis coexist during smouldering, it was shown with potential for the recovery of pyrolysis products, such as pyrolysis oil. Finally, a brief insight on the gas emissions, and the perspectives regarding the technoeconomic viability in full-scale are also discussed.

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Effects of heat flux scenarios on smoldering in cotton

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Effect of particle granularity on smoldering fire in wood chips made from wood waste: An experimental study

Effect of particle granularity on smoldering fire in wood chips made from wood waste: An experimental study

Studying smoldering to flaming transition in polyurethane furnituresubassemblies: Effects of fabrics, flame retardants, and material type

Self-sustaining Smouldering Combustion as a Waste Treatment Process

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