“…Based on our in vitro study, inhibition on intestinal or hepatic CYP3A could lead to increased exposure of ticagrelor and declined metabolites, while our in vivo case observed decreased exposure of both parent drug and metabolites, suggesting the potential involvement of other mechanisms in intestinal lumen. Besides the inhibition on enzymes, several reports have shown that the efflux efficiency of P‐gp and intestinal uptake efficiencies of OATP1A2, OATP2B1, organic cation transporter (OCT)1, and OCT2 can also be inhibited by TPE or EGCG in both in vitro and in vivo studies, causing alteration of both parent drug and metabolite (Knop et al., 2015; Misaka et al., 2014; Misaka, Miyazaki, Fukushima, Yamada, & Kimura, 2013). Our preliminary uptake study conducted with Caco‐2 cells confirmed an active uptake behavior of ticagrelor (Figure S1) and then found declined uptake of ticagrelor when cocultured with TPE, EGCG, or ECG, which was comparable to positive inhibitor rifamycin SV (Figure S2).…”
Green tea is widely consumed as a beverage and/or dietary supplement worldwide, resulting in the difficulty to avoid the comedication with ticagrelor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients receiving antiplatelet therapy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the most abundant content in green tea, tea polyphenols on the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in rats and its in vitro metabolism. Rats were orally treated with either saline or tea polyphenol extracts (TPEs) dissolved in saline once daily for 6 consecutive days. On day 6, after the last dose of saline or TPE, ticagrelor was given to the rats orally or intravenously. Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Human liver and intestinal microsomes were then used to investigate the inhibition by TPE, as well as its major constituents on the metabolism of ticagrelor to its two metabolites, AR-C124910XX and AR-C133913XX. Apparent kinetic constants and inhibition potency (IC 50 ) for each metabolic pathway of each compound were estimated. Oral study indicated that exposure of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX was significantly decreased after TPE administration, while no significant differences were observed in pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration of ticagrelor. TPE effectively inhibited the metabolism of ticagrelor in vitro, with epigallocatechin-3gallate as the major constituent responsible for the observed inhibitory effects in human liver microsomes and intestinal microsomes (IC 50 = 4.23 ± 0.18 µM). Caution should be taken for ACS patients receiving ticagrelor therapy with daily drinking of green tea.Practical Application: Potential interactions between tea polyphenols and ticagrelor were revealed for the first time. Results can provide suggestions for clinicians to optimize the dosing of ticagrelor while they are in the face of ACS patients receiving ticagrelor therapy, who also take green tea or its related products in their daily life.
“…Based on our in vitro study, inhibition on intestinal or hepatic CYP3A could lead to increased exposure of ticagrelor and declined metabolites, while our in vivo case observed decreased exposure of both parent drug and metabolites, suggesting the potential involvement of other mechanisms in intestinal lumen. Besides the inhibition on enzymes, several reports have shown that the efflux efficiency of P‐gp and intestinal uptake efficiencies of OATP1A2, OATP2B1, organic cation transporter (OCT)1, and OCT2 can also be inhibited by TPE or EGCG in both in vitro and in vivo studies, causing alteration of both parent drug and metabolite (Knop et al., 2015; Misaka et al., 2014; Misaka, Miyazaki, Fukushima, Yamada, & Kimura, 2013). Our preliminary uptake study conducted with Caco‐2 cells confirmed an active uptake behavior of ticagrelor (Figure S1) and then found declined uptake of ticagrelor when cocultured with TPE, EGCG, or ECG, which was comparable to positive inhibitor rifamycin SV (Figure S2).…”
Green tea is widely consumed as a beverage and/or dietary supplement worldwide, resulting in the difficulty to avoid the comedication with ticagrelor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients receiving antiplatelet therapy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the most abundant content in green tea, tea polyphenols on the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in rats and its in vitro metabolism. Rats were orally treated with either saline or tea polyphenol extracts (TPEs) dissolved in saline once daily for 6 consecutive days. On day 6, after the last dose of saline or TPE, ticagrelor was given to the rats orally or intravenously. Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Human liver and intestinal microsomes were then used to investigate the inhibition by TPE, as well as its major constituents on the metabolism of ticagrelor to its two metabolites, AR-C124910XX and AR-C133913XX. Apparent kinetic constants and inhibition potency (IC 50 ) for each metabolic pathway of each compound were estimated. Oral study indicated that exposure of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX was significantly decreased after TPE administration, while no significant differences were observed in pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous administration of ticagrelor. TPE effectively inhibited the metabolism of ticagrelor in vitro, with epigallocatechin-3gallate as the major constituent responsible for the observed inhibitory effects in human liver microsomes and intestinal microsomes (IC 50 = 4.23 ± 0.18 µM). Caution should be taken for ACS patients receiving ticagrelor therapy with daily drinking of green tea.Practical Application: Potential interactions between tea polyphenols and ticagrelor were revealed for the first time. Results can provide suggestions for clinicians to optimize the dosing of ticagrelor while they are in the face of ACS patients receiving ticagrelor therapy, who also take green tea or its related products in their daily life.
“…Some of the compounds that have been isolated from Moringa have been implicated in a number of herb‐drug interactions. For example, green tea ( Camellia sinensis ), which contains flavonoids and polyphenols, was reported to significantly increase the C max and AUC of midazolam and simvastatin . An extract of MO leaves has been shown to significantly inhibit the 6β‐hydroxylation of testosterone by CYP3A4 in vitro .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The metabolic ratio (MR), which was used to measure the level of AQ relative to that of DEAQ in the systemic circulation in the presence or absence of MO, showed a 58.0% and 164.4% increase following CA and PT with MO, respectively ( to significantly increase the C max and AUC of midazolam and simvastatin. 30 An extract of MO leaves has been shown to significantly inhibit the 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone by CYP3A4 in vitro. 31 Some other in vitro studies also suggested that MO inhibits 1A2 and 2D6 activity, 32,33 although another report showed that the inhibitory effects of Moringa on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were not significant when compared to inhibitors like ketoconazole and quinidine.…”
Section: Time (H) Plasma Concentration (Ng/ml)mentioning
The study established pharmacokinetic interaction between AQ and MO when given together or following a long period of ingestion of MO. This may have clinical implications for malaria therapy.
“…The concentration of ACEs is crucial to the cancer prevention (Misaka, Miyazaki, Fukushima, Yamada, & Kimura, 2013). In many cases, the effects of chemopreventive agents in cultured cells or tissues are only achievable at supraphysiological concentrations; such concentrations might not be reached when the phytochemicals are administered as part of an organism's diet (Tan, Shi, Tang, Han, & Spivack, 2010).…”
Section: The 2007 Second Expert Report Of the World Cancer Researchmentioning
The World Cancer Research Fund International has released 32 anticancer effects (ACEs) that targeted every stage of cancer processes. Thus, we designed two formulas of natural food combination Diet I and Diet II, mainly produced by elite crop varieties rich in ACEs with different mixture ratios, and evaluated their cancer preventive effects on N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis. After 20 weeks of dietary intervention, Diet I and Diet II reduced incidence, size, and number of hepatic nodules (p < 0.01) and prevented hepatic tumor formation in NDEA‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis rats. Low‐grade hepatic dysplasia incidence was 20% for Diet II and 40% for Diet I, and apparent hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) rates were both 0, while 90% HCC in control diet treatment group (p < 0.01). Diet I and Diet II ameliorated abnormal liver function enzymes, reduced serum alpha fetal protein, tumor‐specific growth factor, dickkopf‐related protein 1, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐6 levels, regulated hepatic phase I and II xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes, enhanced antioxidant capacity, suppressed NDEA‐initiated oxidative DNA damage, and induced apoptosis coupled to down‐regulation of proinflammatory, invasion, and angiogenesis markers. Daily intake of combination diet produced from ACEs‐rich elite crop varieties can effectively prevent or delay occurrence and development of NDEA‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
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