Effects of graded levels of dietary vitamin C on the growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Abstract

A 60-day experiment was carried out to study the e¡ects of vitamin C [ascorbic acid (AA)] on the growth, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbial population. Diets with six levels (0.0, 21.4, 45.1, 69.5, 93.6 and 142.1mg AA kg À 1 diet) of supplemental ascorbyl polyphosphate were fed to juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (12.63 AE 0.02 g). The speci¢c growth rate (SGR), feed e⁄ciency and productive protein value were signi¢cantly improved with increasing AA levels up to 45.1mg AA kg À 1 diet (Po0.05). The hepatopancreas and muscle AA concentrations were increased with increasing dietary AA levels up to 69.5 and 45.1mg kg À 1 diet respectively (Po0.05). The activities of intestinal trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, a-amylase, Na 1 , K 1 -ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatinkinase were all positively a¡ected by the AA supplementation (Po0.05). Intestinal Lactobacillus and Bacillus were increased with increasing AA levels up to 45.1mg AA kg À 1 diet (Po0.05), while intestinal Escherichia coli decreased with increasing AA levels up to 45.1mg AA kg À 1 diet (Po0.05). In conclusion, AA improve the digestive capacity and intestinal microbial population of Jian carp, and the dietaryAA requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp was 40.9 mg AA kg À 1 diet.

Dietary vitamin C requirement and its effects on tissue antioxidant capacity of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

“…Based on growth (WG and SGR), broken-line analysis projected the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile largemouth bass to 102.6-109.5 mg/kg, which was similar with those of tilapia Oreochromis spilurus (100-200 mg/kg) (Al-Amoudi et al, 1992) and parrot fish (118 mg/kg) (Wang et al, 2003a(Wang et al, , 2003b, but it was higher than those of many other fish species ranging from 10-46.2 mg/kg such as the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus (Aguirre and Gatlin, 1999), grouper Epinephelus malabaricus Shiau, 2004, 2005), Eel Anguilla japonica (Bae et al, 2012), Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus (Ai et al, 2004), tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes (Eo and Lee, 2008), and Jian carp Cyprinus carpio (Liu et al, 2011). The differences are probably due to the differences in fish species, fish size, ASA forms, feed formulations, feeding behaviors, nutritional status and rearing conditions of the fish.…”

Effects of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on the growth, antioxidant defence and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi)

“…In contrast, Liu et al. () found that, in juvenile C. carpio , lipase activity was increased with increasing vitamin C level up to 45.1 mg/kg, and no increases were found with a further increase in dietary vitamin C. He et al. () reported that dietary inclusion of 50 or 100 mg/kg of vitamin E significantly increased the lipase activity of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus compared to that without vitamin E supplementation.…”

“…Animals including fish could not synthesize vitamin C by themselves, and thus, an exogenous source of vitamin C is necessary. Dietary inclusion of suitable vitamin C for increasing growth and development has been determined in several cultured fish species including parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus (Wang, Kim, Bai, Huh, & Cho, ), Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Misra, Das, Mukherjee, & Pradhan, ), tilapia Oreochromis karongae (Nsonga, Kang'Ombe, Mfitilodze, Soko, & Mtethiwa, ), Jian carp Cyprinus carpio (Liu et al., ), cobia Rachycentron canadum (Zhou, Wang, Wang, Xie, & Wang, ) and genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) O. niloticus (Huang et al., ).…”

Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never‐ending story?

“…Liu et al . () investigated the effect of graded levels of dietary vitamin C on the non‐adherent gut microbiota juvenile Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).…”