Effects of Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Status on Exposure to Community Violence and Psychological Distress in Adolescence

Wilson, William C.; Rosenthal, Beth Spenciner; Battle, William S.

doi:10.1300/j146v15n01_06

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Wilson and colleagues (2007) discussed this counterintuitive finding by highlighting that mere exposure to violence may normalize it, thereby making it less distressing, further supporting previous work by Schwartz and Proctor (2000). That is, it may be that females report greater distress in response to witnessing violence because this is a relatively rare experience for them, whereas males are exposed to this more often and are thus less affected.…”

Section: Witnessingsupporting

confidence: 62%

Relations Among Victimization, Witnessing, and Perpetration of Aggression: Impact of Gender Among Youth Offenders

Tisak

Baker

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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The participants included 251 (158 males; 93 females) youth offenders who were arrested and incarcerated in a juvenile facility in the Midwest United States. The aims were to assess (a) how often they were a victim, a witness, and/or a perpetrator of social aggression, simple assault, and aggravated assault during the past year; (b) to examine whether exposure (either witness or victim or both) predicted committing three types of aggressive behaviors; and (c) to assess the impact of gender among the youth offenders. Differential predictability models were utilized to assess gender differences. The findings revealed that gender was an important predictor. For example, females reported higher rates of being a witness, a victim, and a perpetrator of social aggression than did males. Moreover, female offenders committed simple assault more often than males and males committed aggravated assault more often than females. The general results suggest that it is important to examine the various forms of aggression, and exposure, as well as how gender affects these relationships.

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Section: Witnessingsupporting

confidence: 62%

Relations Among Victimization, Witnessing, and Perpetration of Aggression: Impact of Gender Among Youth Offenders

Tisak

Baker

et al. 2016

J Interpers Violence

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“…Betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996), for example, suggests that the social environment in which a traumatic event occurs, (e.g., in the context of a dependent relationship) has implications for how a victim will respond, and the types of posttraumatic symptoms that are likely to develop. Other social context factors including socioeconomic status, experiences of discrimination, personal or political power, treatment by others of higher status groups, educational attainment, and social support have all been implicated in either exposure to trauma, development of psychological symptoms, or both (Bonanno, Galea, Bucciarelli, & Vlahov, 2007; Breslau et al, 1998; Gill & Page, 2006; Manson et al, 2005; Perilla et al, 2002; Wilson, Rosenthal, & Battle, 2007; Wilson et al, 2007). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma exposure and posttraumatic symptoms in Hawaii: Gender, ethnicity, and social context.

Klest

Freyd

Foynes

2013

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Eight-hundred thirty-three members of an ethnically diverse longitudinal cohort study in Hawaii were surveyed about their personal exposure to several types of traumatic events, socioeconomic resources, and mental health symptoms. Results replicated findings from prior research that while men and women are exposed to similar rates of trauma overall, women report more exposure to traumas high in betrayal (HB), while men report exposure to more traumas lower in betrayal (LB). Trauma exposure was predictive of mental health symptoms, with neglect, household dysfunction, and HB traumas predicting symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, dissociation, and sleep disturbance, and LB traumas predicting PTSD and dissociation symptoms. Native Hawaiian ethnicity and poorer socioeconomic status were predictive of greater trauma exposure and symptoms. Results suggest that more inclusive definitions of trauma are important for gender equity, and that ethnic group variation in symptoms is better explained by factors such as differential trauma exposure and economic and social status differences, rather than minority status per se.

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“…As such, race-specific processes that occur at both a macro and a micro level contribute to the disproportionate representation of Black Americans in the justice system. It is not the case that experiencing violence is not detrimental for Black girls and witnessing neighborhood violence is not detrimental for White girls (Lau et al, 2006;Wilson, Rosenthal, & Battle, 2007), but rather certain sociocultural processes, particularly those within neighborhoods, are functioning to differentiate the pathway by which these girls reenter the justice system. The lack of congruency between the neighborhood disadvantage and criminal recidivism pathway among the two groups further supports this notion.…”

Section: Criminal Recidivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial differences in the associations of neighborhood disadvantage, exposure to violence, and criminal recidivism among female juvenile offenders

Chauhan

Reppucci²,

Turkheimer³

2009

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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The current study examined the impact of exposure to violence and neighborhood disadvantage on criminal recidivism among Black (n = 69) and White (n = 53) female juvenile offenders. Participants were girls between the ages of 13 and 19 (M = 16.8; SD = 1.2) who were sentenced to secure custody. Using a multi-method research design, the study assessed neighborhood disadvantage through census level data, exposure to violence through self-report, and criminal recidivism through official records. Results indicated that Black girls were significantly more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both reported similar levels of parental physical abuse and witnessing neighborhood violence. In structural equation models, neighborhood disadvantage and witnessing neighborhood violence were indicative of future recidivism for the group as a whole. However, multiple group analyses indicated the existence of race specific pathways to recidivism. Witnessing neighborhood violence was associated with recidivism for Black girls while parental physical abuse was associated with recidivism for White girls. Results suggest that characteristics within the neighborhood play a considerable role in recidivism among female juvenile offenders generally and Black female juvenile offenders, specifically. Race specific risk models warrant further investigation, and may help lawmakers and clinicians in addressing racial disparities in the justice system.

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Effects of Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Status on Exposure to Community Violence and Psychological Distress in Adolescence

Abstract: Self-reports of potentially traumatic experiences in an adult community sample: Gender differences and test-retest stabilities of the items in a Brief Betrayal-Trauma Survey.

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Relations Among Victimization, Witnessing, and Perpetration of Aggression: Impact of Gender Among Youth Offenders

Relations Among Victimization, Witnessing, and Perpetration of Aggression: Impact of Gender Among Youth Offenders

Trauma exposure and posttraumatic symptoms in Hawaii: Gender, ethnicity, and social context.

Racial differences in the associations of neighborhood disadvantage, exposure to violence, and criminal recidivism among female juvenile offenders

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