Effects of fasting and insulin on carbohydrate metabolism of the domestic fowl

Abstract

Prolonged fasting caused a rise in blood glucose which reached a maximum above the prefast level on the 6th day. Concurrently the liver glycogen, rapidly depleted at the start of the fast, was partially replaced. Blood NPN increased continuously. Thus, gluconeogenesis appeared likely not only to be responsible for the blood glucose increase but also to play a role in the restoration of liver glycogen after initial glycogenolysis due to fasting. Fasting for 48 hours increased cardiac glycogen up to three times the prefasting level; a rapid decrease in this moiety occurred with further abstinence. Glucagon and growth hormone increased the cardiac glycogen of nonfasted birds; but had little, if any, influence on the effects of fasting. The daily injection of 60–70 u of either regular or HGF-free insulin per kilogram body weight resulted in an hyperglycemic rebound 24 hours after each injection. This rebound could be blocked completely by feeding Dibenzyline.

Detection of Two Types of Glycated Tryptophan Compounds in the Plasma of Chickens Fed Tryptophan Excess Diets

“…On the other hand, chickens are known to be hyperglycemic animals and their blood glucose level is over 200 mg/dl (Hazelwood and Lorenz, 1959). Because of hyperglycemia and high body temperature in avian species, glycation is supposed to be easily proceeded compared to mammals (Klandorf et al, 1995;Iqbal et al, 1999).…”

Hormones and Metabolism in Poultry

“…Change in circulating concentration of glucose mM Reference Fasting (24hours) No change or -1.2 Belo et al, 1976;Harvey et al, 1976;Hazelwood & Lorenz, 1959 Insulin Administration -6 mM Harvey et al, 1976; Glucagon administration + 12 mM Harvey et al, 1976; Table 2. Changes in circulating concentrations of glucose in chickens with physiological state or perturbation Despite the difference in set point, circulating concentrations are maintained within tight limits by a series of homeostatic mechanisms (see table 2).…”

“…For instance, when administered to chickens insulin will induce a decline in circulating concentrations of glucose, albeit to levels that would be considered hyperglycemic in mammals (Hazelwood & Lorenz, 1959).…”

“…Chickens respond to insulin with a depression in circulating concentrations of glucose (Hazelwood & Lorenz, 1959) but are relatively insensitive to insulin (Vasilatos-Younken, 1986;Edwards et al, 1999). Insulin increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle (M. fibularis longus) in vitro as indicated 2 deoxy--D-[1,2-3H]-glucose uptake (Zhao et al, 2009).…”

Influence of β-Carboline Produced from Glucose and Tryptophan on Protein Synthesis of Chicken Embryo Myoblasts

“…In healthy subjects, fasting blood glucose concentration is maintained under 110 mg/dl. Meanwhile, the chicken is one of hyperglycemic animals and blood glucose level is over 200 mg/dl (Hazelwood and Lorenz, 1959). Because of hyperglycemia and high temperature in avian species, glycation of glucose and tryptophan has to be easily proceeded compared to mammals (Klandorf et al, 1995;Iqbal et al, 1999).…”