“…The presence of nematode larvae can cause a series of changes in both intermediate and definitive hosts, such as impairment of immune responses (Lange et al, 2017), tissue damage and arrested reproductive development (Hurd, 2001; Tunholi-Alves et al, 2011; Lima et al, 2017; Lima et al, 2020; Amaral et al, 2022), behavioral changes (Yanoviak et al, 2008; Boze and Moore, 2014), and the evolution of host immune defense traits (Moné et al, 2011; Seppälä et al, 2021). Experimental infections of snails as intermediate host with Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Heterorhabditis indica also resulted in alterations of intermediary and oxidative metabolism of Biomphalaria glabrata (Tunholi-Alves et al, 2011, 2012, 2014), changes in nitrogenous end-product excretion of Bradybaena similaris (Tunholi et al, 2014), and changes in total protein, urea, and uric acid concentrations in Achatina fulica (Tunholi-Alves et al, 2015).…”