Effects of Exogenous Application of Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Maize Plants Cultivated in the Presence or Absence of Cadmium

Abstract

Auxins are plant hormones that affect plant growth, development, and improve a plant’s tolerance to stress. In this study, we found that the application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) had diverse effects on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) roots treated without/with Cd. IBA caused changes in the growth and morphology of the roots under non-stress conditions; hence, we were able to select two concentrations of IBA (10−11 M as stimulatory and 10−7 M as inhibitory). IBA in stimulatory concentration did not affect the concentration of H2O2 or the activity of antioxidant enzymes while IBA in inhibitory concentration increased only the concentration of H2O2 (40.6%). The application of IBA also affected the concentrations of mineral nutrients. IBA in stimulatory concentration increased the concentration of N, K, Ca, S, and Zn (5.8–14.8%) and in inhibitory concentration decreased concentration of P, K, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu (5.5–36.6%). Moreover, IBA in the concentration 10−9 M had the most positive effects on the plants cultivated with Cd. It decreased the concentration of H2O2 (34.3%), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (23.7–36.4%), and increased the concentration of all followed elements, except Mg (5.5–34.1%), when compared to the Cd.

Biologically Oriented Hybrids of Indole and Hydantoin Derivatives

“…As model compounds, we have chosen some synthesized derivatives of 3-(2-oxoimidazolidine-5-yl)indole 3 to study growth-regulating activity. Known auxins [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]—derivatives of indole, namely indolylacetic (IAA) and indolebutyric (IBA) acids, as well as L-tryptophan (Trp)—were selected as compounds for comparison.…”

“…It is known that derivatives of indole auxins are phytohormones. They affect the growth and development of plants and increase their resistance to the environment [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. For example, indolylacetic (IAA) and indolebutyric (IBA) acids act as growth regulators, stimulate root formation [ 54 , 55 , 56 ], flower development, and fruit growth [ 57 ], and help plants overcome stress [ 58 ].…”

Application of 2,4-Epibrassinolide Improves Drought Tolerance in Tobacco through Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms

“…In a BR-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana ( dwf4 ), the BR application from 1 nM to 100 nM promoted cell elongation in the meristem [ 27 ]. By laying the foundation of BR involvement in various aspects of plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stresses, auxin (IAA) also play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance [ 28 ]. In white clover, the mechanisms related to drought tolerance by IAA are higher phytohormone contents, especially ABA and IAA, and ABA responsive and drought-tolerance-related gene expression [ 29 ].…”

Image Analysis of Adventitious Root Quality in Wild Sage and Glossy Abelia Cuttings after Application of Different Indole-3-Butyric Acid Concentrations

“…Depending on the species and the cultivars, in accordance with [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], auxin treatment is known to have positive effects on rhizogenesis at specific concentrations. Understanding which is the most effective IBA concentration in terms of forming quality ARs is crucial to the cutting propagation industry [ 45 ].…”