Biologically Oriented Hybrids of Indole and Hydantoin Derivatives

Abstract

Indoles and hydantoins are important heterocycles scaffolds which present in numerous bioactive compounds which possess various biological activities. Moreover, they are essential building blocks in organic synthesis, particularly for the preparation of important hybrid molecules. The series of hybrid compounds containing indoles and imidazolidin-2-one moiety with direct С─С bond were synthesized using an amidoalkylation one-pot reaction. All compounds were investigated as a growth regulator for germination, growth and development of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L). Their effect on drought resistance at very low concentrations (4 × 10−5 М) was evaluated. The study highlighted identified the leading compounds, 3a and 3e, with higher growth-regulating activity than the indole-auxin analogues.

New Hybrid Ethylenediurea (EDU) Derivatives and Their Phytoactivity

“…Drought stress is the most harmful environmental factor, and it is described as a multifactorial environmental stress because it causes extensive changes in plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry [ 32 ]. The advanced architecture of root systems helps to improve the adaptation of plants to changes in the environment and is one of the key characteristics that determine the yield in normal, stressful, and (primarily) drought conditions [ 3 , 31 , 33 ].…”

“…To assess the water status of a plant at a specific point in time, it is necessary to test the relative water content (RWC) of the leaves [ 3 , 31 ]. A typical RWC value is 98% in freshly cut leaves.…”

“…A value of RWC between 30 and 40% is the main indicator of when the withering process can be reversed. Severe drying and aging of leaves are observed at RWC values below 20% [ 3 , 31 ]. Higher RWC values are an indicator of drought tolerance [ 35 , 36 ].…”

X‐Ray Crystallography and Antimicrobial Activity of Synthetic Cyanoguanidinophenytoin Cocrystals

“…[20] Its derivatives were discovered to act as antibiotics, antidiabetics, antiulcer, anticonvulsants, antimuscarinics, antiarrhythmics, and antiviral agents. [21] Phenytoin (see Figure 1B) is the most widely used for the treatment of grand mal seizures. [22] For this purpose, many synthetic methods for the preparation of hydantoins were reported.…”

“…The hydantoin moiety ( see Figure 1A), which has five‐membered diaza heterocyclic compounds, was presented in many marketing biologically active drugs [20] . Its derivatives were discovered to act as antibiotics, antidiabetics, antiulcer, anticonvulsants, antimuscarinics, antiarrhythmics, and antiviral agents [21] . Phenytoin ( see Figure 1B) is the most widely used for the treatment of grand mal seizures [22] .…”