Effects of exhaust gas temperature and fuel composition on particulate emission from spark ignition engines

Sources and elemental composition of aerosol in Pasadena, California, by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence

“…These effects cancel in the ratio between two elements on the same filter; hence, the errors in the ratio are less than or equal to the interfilter errors. 14) 36 (111) R = 0.04 (0.12) 0.07 (0.4) 0.96 (0.04) 2.7 (3.5) V -1.5 (0.5) 0.3 (0.5) 0.8 (0.7) -0.9 (0.7)" 0.0047 (0.0002) 0.0117 (0.0007) 0.029 (0.002) 0.13 (0.005) Ti 7 (5)…”

“…The ratios Pb(backup)/Pb(total) and Br(backup)/Br(total) are equal, to within 1%. Size distributions of Pb emitted from automobiles have been extensively measured (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Except for the Hirschler papers (13,14) (where the collection method may have biased the result), there seems to be general agreement that (once allowance has been made for nonsuspendable particles) the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the airborne exhaust Pb is submicron.…”

Identification of soil lead compounds from automotive sources

“…Habibi (5) indicates that lead sulfate may account for 5-6% of these deposits and particles. Similarly, Sampson and Springer (16), Ganley and Springer (17), and Lamb and Niebylski (18) have established that the oxysulfate is present as a minor constituent in combustion chamber deposits and emitted particles. These findings indicate that a portion of the lead sulfate in the soils was formed in the combustion chamber and exhaust system and deposited directly on the soil surface.…”

Particle and smoke emission from a light duty diesel engine

“…black iron pipe (simulated exhaust system), and a 25-mm-diam sharp-edged orifice (orifice A, Figure 1). The surge tank was added to reduce the pressure and flow fluctuations in the exhaust (11).…”