Effects of Exercise Training and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lean and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Women

Figueroa, Arturo; Going, Scott B.; Milliken, Laura A.; Blew, Robert M.; Sharp, Sarah; Teixeira, Pedro J.; Lohman, Timothy G.

doi:10.1093/gerona/58.3.m266

Cited by 75 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Two RCTs examined estrone and estradiol in relation to physical activity with one RCT showing no association (60) and the other showing significant inverse associations with both metabolites (18).…”

Section: Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research

Neilson

Friedenreich

Brockton

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

204

172

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Convincing evidence now supports a probable preventive role for physical activity in postmenopausal breast cancer. The mechanisms by which long-term physical activity affect risk, however, remain unclear. The aims of this review were to propose a biological model whereby long-term physical activity lowers postmenopausal breast cancer risk and to highlight gaps in the epidemiologic literature. To address the second aim, we summarized epidemiologic literature on 10 proposed biomarkers, namely, body mass index (BMI), estrogens, androgens, sex hormone binding globulin, leptin, adiponectin, markers of insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-A, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein, in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity, respectively. Associations were deemed ''convincing,'' ''probable,'' ''possible,'' or ''hypothesized'' using set criteria. Our proposed biological model illustrated the co-occurrence of overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation influencing cancer risk through interrelated mechanisms. The most convincing epidemiologic evidence supported associations between postmenopausal breast cancer risk and BMI, estrogens, and androgens, respectively. In relation to physical activity, associations were most convincing for BMI, estrone, insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein. Only BMI and estrone were convincingly (or probably) associated with both postmenopausal breast cancer risk and physical activity. There is a need for prospective cohort studies relating the proposed biomarkers to cancer risk and for long-term exercise randomized controlled trials comparing biomarker changes over time, specifically in postmenopausal women. Future etiologic studies should consider interactions among biomarkers, whereas exercise trials should explore exercise effects independently of weight loss, different exercise prescriptions, and effects on central adiposity.

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Section: Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research

Neilson

Friedenreich

Brockton

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

204

172

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“…12,13 It is well recognized that high-intensity resistance exercise training (RET) is an effective intervention for improving muscle strength and mass in overweight/obese women. 13,14 However, RET may increase central PWV and AIx in young women. 15 Alternatively, whole-body vibration (WBV) training consisting of isometric and dynamic leg exercise has shown to effectively increase muscle strength to levels comparable to RET in young women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-body vibration training reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese women

et al. 2012

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Obesity is associated with early cardiovascular dysfunction and reduced muscle strength. Whole-body vibration (WBV) training may improve arterial function and muscle strength. The effects of WBV training on arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, baPWV), wave reflection (augmentation index, AIx), brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP), aortic systolic blood pressure (aSBP), heart rate variability, and muscle strength (one-repetition maximum, 1RM) were examined in 10 young (21 ± 2 year) overweight/obese women (body mass index, BMI¼29.9 ± 0.8 kg m -2 ). Participants were randomized to a 6-week WBV training or non-exercising control (CON) period in a crossover design. WBV training (3 daysÂweek) consisted of static and dynamic squats and calf raises with vibration intensity at 25-30 Hz and 1-2 mm amplitude (2.83-4.86 G). There were significant (Po0.05) decreases in baPWV (À0.9±0.3 m s -1 ), AIx (À8.0±2.2 %), bSBP (À5.3±1.5 mm Hg), aSBP (À5.2 ± 2.1 mm Hg), low-frequency power (À0.13 ± 0.05 nu) and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF, À0.42 ± 0.16) after WBV training compared with CON. Significant (Po0.05) increases in high-frequency power (HF, 0.19 ± 0.04 nu) and leg extension 1RM (8.2±2.3 kg) occurred after WBV training compared with CON. Six weeks of WBV training decreased systemic arterial stiffness and aSBP via improvements in wave reflection and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese normotensive women. WBV training may benefit arterial function and muscle strength in deconditioned individuals who cannot perform conventional exercise.

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“…However, in postmenopausal women, when ovarian production of estrogens ceases, an important source of estrogen is adipose tissue (22), which suggests it may be possible to modify sex hormone levels by changes in body fat and BMI. A small number of short-term exercise trials (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28), mostly among overweight or obese women (24,25,27,28), have included repeat hormone measures and shown that exercise or fat loss, or both, may be important in reducing estradiol (24, 26 -28) and testosterone (25,26,28) levels, but it is not known the degree to which, or if, women with moderate BMI outside of short-term exercise trials would be able to modify hormone levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Postmenopausal Women After Changes in Body Mass Index

Jones

Schoemaker

Rae

et al. 2013

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism

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Context: Endogenous sex hormones are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. A potential route for favorable hormonal modification is weight loss. Objective:The objective of the study was to measure change in plasma estradiol and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women in relation to change in body mass index (BMI) and plasma leptin. Setting:The setting was a cohort study of over 100 000 female volunteers from the general population, United Kingdom. B reast cancer risk is positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (1-4) and endogenous estrogen levels (2, 5-11) in postmenopausal women. High BMI is consistently linked with raised endogenous estrogen levels in cross-sectional studies (12-16) and the association between BMI and breast cancer may be partly mediated via estradiol (1,2,7,11,17). Testosterone levels are also associated cross-sectionally with BMI in

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Effects of Exercise Training and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lean and Fat Mass in Postmenopausal Women

Cited by 75 publications

References 19 publications

Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research

Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research

Whole-body vibration training reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese women

Changes in Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Postmenopausal Women After Changes in Body Mass Index

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