Effects of energy restriction on activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese humans and rodents: implications for diet-induced changes in body composition

Seimon, Radhika V.; Hostland, Nikita; Silveira, Stephanie L.; Gibson, Alice A.; Sainsbury, Amanda

doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0038

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with the majority of studies reviewed elsewhere (Seimon et al 2013), we did not observe changes in cortisol levels. As far we know there are no data on impact of reductive therapy on the levels of serum cortisone or ratio cortisone/cortisol in juvenile obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Steroid Hormones Related to 11β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Treated Obesity

Máčová

Sosvorova²,

Vítků³

et al. 2015

Physiol Res

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The local concentration of glucocorticoids is intensively regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD 1). Human 11β-HSD 1 also reversibly catalyzes the inter-conversionof 7α-hydroxy-and 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into 7-oxo-DHEA. The cohort of 282 obese adolescents, 154 girls (median age 15.31 years, range 14.17-16.68 years) and 128 boys (median age 14.95 years, range 13.87-16.16 years), BMI (Body Mass Index) >90 th percentile was examined. In samples collected before and after one month of reductive diet therapy, circulating levels of steroids were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay methods. The model of the treatment efficacy prediction was calculated. A significant reduction in circulating levels of cortisone, E2 and increased levels of 7β-hydroxy-DHEA after the reductive treatment was observed. Levels of cortisol, DHEA, DHT sustained without any significant change. The predictive Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) model explained 20.1 % of variability of BMI, z-score change by the basal levels of 7α-hydroxy-DHEA, DHEA, cortisol and E2 as the strongest predictors. Reduced levels of circulating cortisone and reduced ratios of oxygenated/reduced metabolites reflectincreased reductase activity of 11β-HSD 1 with reduced BMI, z-score. We hypothesize whether these changes can be attributed to the altered activity of 11β-HSD 1 in the liver.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Steroid Hormones Related to 11β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Treated Obesity

Máčová

Sosvorova²,

Vítků³

et al. 2015

Physiol Res

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“…By contrast, the study that reported particularly poor fertility outcomes involved 4–6 weeks on a VLED and did not specify any re‐feeding period prior to starting ART, nor any multidisciplinary lifestyle support. The hormonal and metabolic milieu resulting from adherence to a VLED, which involves mild ketosis, might be expected to adversely affect ovarian reserve, the quality of developing eggs and/or activity of the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal and hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axes , which regulate reproductive functions and fertility. The use of VLEDs is contraindicated during pregnancy (with no specifications about their use prior to pregnancy) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does weight loss in overweight or obese women improve fertility treatment outcomes? A systematic review

2014

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SummaryThis systematic review assessed the effect of weight loss in overweight and/or obese women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) on their subsequent pregnancy outcome. Weight losses achieved by diet and lifestyle changes, very--low--energy diets, non--surgical medical interventions and bariatric surgery translated into significantly increased pregnancy rates and/or live birth in overweight and/or obese women undergoing ART in 8 of the 11 studies reviewed. In addition, regularization of the menstrual pattern, a decrease in cancellation rates, an increase in the number of embryos available for transfer, a reduction in the number of ART cycles required to achieve pregnancy and a decrease in miscarriage rates were reported. There were also a number of natural conceptions in five of the six studies that reported this outcome. Non--surgical medical weight loss procedures and bariatric surgery induced the greatest weight losses, but their use, as well as that of very--low--energy diets, for weight loss prior to ART requires careful consideration. While the overall quality of the studies included in this review was poor, these results support the clinical recommendation of advising overweight and/or obese women to lose weight prior to ART. Prospective randomized controlled trials are required to establish efficacious evidence--based guidelines for weight loss interventions in overweight and/or obese women prior to ART treatment. Introduction Obesity has numerous health implications relating to fertility and is now the most common clinical risk factor encountered in obstetric practice [1]. Infertility in natural menstrual cycles has been shown to be almost three times higher in obese women (i.e. those with a body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg m−2) [2, 3]. The positive relationship between BMI and time to pregnancy has been established in overweight and obese women with anovulation as well as in those with a regular menstrual cycle [4,5]. With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, the number of obese women who are seeking assisted reproductive technology (ART) as a treatment for infertility is on the rise [6].Not only is it more difficult for overweight or obese women to conceive, pregnancy in overweight and obese women is associated with an increased risk of complications for both the mother and the fetus [7--9]. In addition to problems apparent during pregnancy or in the perinatal period, pre--pregnancy and gestational obesity may lead to a self--reinforcing vicious cycle of excessive weight gain and adiposity that is passed on from mother to successive offspring [10--12]. While the underlying mechanisms of such maternal obesity--induced programming remain unclear (and are possibly epigenetic), the hypothesis is a potentially important explanation for the rapid rise in obesity [11].While an increasing number of obese women are seeking ART, it is by no means an optimum solution for infertility in this population. Obesity has been found to impair ART outcomes in most, but not all studies, as recent...

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“…A major challenge in the treatment of overweight and obesity is that the human body responds to energy restriction and weight loss with a range of adaptive responses that oppose ongoing weight loss and promote weight regain. As previously reviewed , these adaptive responses include an increased drive to eat (e.g. increased subjective feelings of hunger and reduced subjective feelings of satiety), reduced physical activity or the energy cost of physical activity, reduced energy expenditure, and hormonal effects such as reduced activity of the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroid, ‐gonadotropic and ‐somatotropic axes (or reduced circulating insulin‐like growth factor‐1 [IGF‐1] levels), with concomitant activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis.…”

Section: Adaptive Responses To Energy Restriction Oppose Ongoing Weigmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction

et al. 2018

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Eating patterns involving intermittent energy restriction (IER) include 'intermittent fasting' where energy intake is severely restricted for several 'fasting' days per week, with 'refeeding' days (involving greater energy intake than during fasting days) at other times. Intermittent fasting does not improve weight loss compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), where energy intake is restricted every day. We hypothesize that weight loss from IER could be improved if refeeding phases involved restoration of energy balance (i.e. not ongoing energy restriction, as during intermittent fasting). There is some evidence in adults with overweight or obesity showing that maintenance of a lower weight may attenuate (completely or partially) some of the adaptive responses to energy restriction that oppose ongoing weight loss. Other studies show some adaptive responses persist unabated for years after weight loss. Only five randomized controlled trials in adults with overweight or obesity have compared CER with IER interventions that achieved energy balance (or absence of energy restriction) during refeeding phases. Two reported greater weight loss than CER, whereas three reported similar weight loss between interventions. While inconclusive, it is possible that achieving energy balance (i.e. avoiding energy restriction or energy excess) during refeeding phases may be important in realizing the potential of IER.

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Effects of energy restriction on activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese humans and rodents: implications for diet-induced changes in body composition

Cited by 23 publications

References 60 publications

Steroid Hormones Related to 11β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Treated Obesity

Steroid Hormones Related to 11β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Treated Obesity

Does weight loss in overweight or obese women improve fertility treatment outcomes? A systematic review

Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction

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