Effects of Employment and Unemployment on Serious Offending in a High-Risk Sample of Men and Women from Ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands

Verbruggen, Janna; Blokland, Arjan; Geest, Victor van der

doi:10.1093/bjc/azs023

Cited by 60 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Convictions pertain to a wide range of offenses, such as violent offenses, property offenses, serious public order offenses, drugs offenses and weapon offenses (following a classification used by Loeber et al [35], and as used in previous work on the 17up dataset, e.g. [55,57,58]). Given that minor offenses, such as vandalism and road traffic offenses, are relatively common even in the general population, convictions for minor offenses are excluded from the analyses.…”

Section: Criminal Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Life Adjustment of Vulnerable Youths. The Relationship Between Criminal History, Employment History and Adult Life Outcomes

Verbruggen

Geest

Blokland

2016

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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Purpose This article examines adult outcomes of vulnerable youths. Methods The sample consists of 251 boys and girls who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution in the 1990s. Information on personal and childhood characteristics was extracted from treatment files that were compiled during their stay in the institution. In addition, conviction data was used to determine subjects' criminal careers. Conducting face-to-face interviews with these former JJI detainees when they were on average 34 years old, we collected retrospective information on employment history and several important current life course outcomes. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify distinct offending and employment groups. Results Results showed that previously institutionalized youths experience difficulties adjusting to conventional adult life. Most personal and childhood characteristics exert no significant effect on adult outcomes. Criminal behaviour in young adulthood does J Dev Life Course Criminology (2016) 2:466-493 DOI 10.1007/s40865-016-0040-

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Section: Criminal Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Life Adjustment of Vulnerable Youths. The Relationship Between Criminal History, Employment History and Adult Life Outcomes

Verbruggen

Geest

Blokland

2016

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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“…Let y 1,i,t and y 2,i,t denote the binary employment and offending outcomes for individual i at age t. For the employment outcome, we use the threshold of 90 days to select an individual into the employment category. This is in accordance with other studies that have used 90 days employment a year as a cut-off point in order to establish if the employment was "serious" [77,78,80]. For the offending outcomes, we set y 2,i,t = 1 if an offense was committed and y 2,i,t = 0 if no offense was committed.…”

Section: Analytic Strategymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…These characteristics lead to prolonged criminal activity over the life course and limit employment chances [43]. Furthermore, Van den Berg et al [75] showed that not only the psychological profiles of the juvenile sex offenders are comparable to high-risk juveniles in other studies [78,80], but that also the heterogeneity in their criminal careers is similar to that of other high-risk juvenile offenders.…”

Section: Methodology Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For age, intensive employment is found to increase delinquency during adolescence and is associated with a reduction in offending after the transition into adulthood [53,64,73,74]. The influence of employment quality, rather than the mere status of employment, was established by a number of empirical studies [15,57,59,72,74,78,80,81]. Different definitions of employment quality are used and we consider employment duration in our study below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Employment-Crime Association for Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense in their Youth

Berg

Mesters

2017

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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Objective We study the bi-directional relationship between employment and crime for individuals convicted for a sexual offense in their youth (JSO) and investigate the moderating influences of age and employment duration. Method A bi-variate dynamic binary choice model is developed to allow for interactions between employment and crime. The model takes into account statistical aspects such as state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity. Results For a sample of N = 493 JSO, who are observed in early adulthood, age 18 until 28, we find significant negative predictive effects for employment on property offending and vice versa. For other types of offenses, the model indicates that the negative correlation with employment is due to spurious effects. This holds for all ages, but the negative effect of employment on property offending becomes stronger for the older cohorts, while the effect of property offending on employment decreases in magnitude. Employment duration is found to be a mild moderating factor. Conclusion The evidence in favor of bidirectional negative relationships among offending and employment that increase in magnitude with age suggests the importance of theories that emphasize cumulative (dis)advantage, such as social control theory.

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“…Failure to make a successful transition to the labour market is associated with increased risk of engagement in criminal behaviour, while being employed is often found to be associated with a reduction in offending (e.g. Farrington et al 1986;Verbruggen, Blokland and Van der Geest 2012). Yet, institutionalized youths' job prospects are often low for several reasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Unemployment, Conviction and Incarceration on Employment: A Longitudinal Study on the Employment Prospects of Disadvantaged Youths

Verbruggen¹

2015

CRIMIN

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This study aims to investigate the effects of a history of unemployment, conviction, and incarceration on the likelihood of being employed in a sample of disadvantaged youths. All youths (N=540) were institutionalized in adolescence. From age 18 to 32 official data were available on employment, convictions and incarceration. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, fixed effects models are used to estimate effects of unemployment, conviction, and incarceration on the likelihood of employment. Results show that for men, a criminal background does not damage employment prospects when a history of unemployment is taken

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Effects of Employment and Unemployment on Serious Offending in a High-Risk Sample of Men and Women from Ages 18 to 32 in the Netherlands

Cited by 60 publications

References 53 publications

Adult Life Adjustment of Vulnerable Youths. The Relationship Between Criminal History, Employment History and Adult Life Outcomes

Adult Life Adjustment of Vulnerable Youths. The Relationship Between Criminal History, Employment History and Adult Life Outcomes

The Employment-Crime Association for Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense in their Youth

Effects of Unemployment, Conviction and Incarceration on Employment: A Longitudinal Study on the Employment Prospects of Disadvantaged Youths

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