Effects of electrophoresis and electroosmosis during alternating current iontophoresis across human epidermal membrane

Yan, Guang; Peck, Kendall D.; Zhu, Honggang; Higuchi, William I.; Li, S.Kevin

doi:10.1002/jps.20247

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…3 A variety of approaches have been developed to promote the transdermal delivery of drugs. These approaches include chemical enhancers, 4,5 iontophoresis, 6,7 electroporation, 8 microneedles, 9,10 sonophoresis 11,12 and laser ablation. 13 Although significant progress has been made in the transdermal delivery of drugs, there still exist many disadvantages such as skin irritation, 14 high production costs 15 and inconvenience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles combined with polypropylene electret

Tu¹,

Wang²,

Lü³

et al. 2016

IJN

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles combined with polypropylene electret

Tu¹,

Wang²,

Lü³

et al. 2016

IJN

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“…Symmetric alternating current (AC) could enhance transdermal transport of both neutral and ionic permeants primarily by means of electrophoresis and/or electric field-induced membrane alteration (1)(2)(3), similar to the flux enhancing mechanisms of direct current (DC) iontophoresis. Compared to the electrophoresis and electric field-induced membrane alteration, the contribution of electroosmosis to AC flux enhancement is relatively small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to the electrophoresis and electric field-induced membrane alteration, the contribution of electroosmosis to AC flux enhancement is relatively small. For example, it has been shown that the permeability coefficients of human epidermal membrane (HEM) for neutral permeants are inversely proportional to HEM electrical resistances during both passive and AC iontophoretic transport with the same proportionality constants (3,4), suggesting membrane alteration as the only flux-enhancing mechanism for the neutral permeants during moderate voltage AC iontophoresis at frequencies of ≥12.5 Hz. It was also shown that the flux enhancement of AC transdermal iontophoresis is generally lower than that of DC iontophoresis (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AC iontophoresis can provide an excellent opportunity to characterize the effective length of the iontophoretic transport pathways in SC which would be difficult to achieve in other experimental settings. Such assessment of the iontophoretic transport pathways in HEM can be accomplished by the methodology established in the previous study (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flux enhancement due to electroosmosis and that of electrophoresis was studied with the neutral permeant ARA and charged permeant TEA. The data were interpreted using the models developed based on the Nernst-Planck theory in previous studies (2,3,19), and the effective length of the iontophoretic transport pathway were determined. AC frequency for maximum AC iontophoretic flux enhancement was identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternating Current (AC) Iontophoretic Transport across Human Epidermal Membrane: Effects of AC Frequency and Amplitude

Yan

Anissimov

et al. 2007

Pharm Res

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Purpose-As a continuing effort to understand the mechanisms of alternating current (AC) transdermal iontophoresis and the iontophoretic transport pathways in the stratum corneum (SC), the objectives of the present study were to determine the interplay of AC frequency, AC voltage, and iontophoretic transport of ionic and neutral permeants across human epidermal membrane (HEM) and use AC as a means to characterize the transport pathways.Materials and Methods-Constant AC voltage iontophoresis experiments were conducted with HEM in 0.10 M tetraethyl ammonium pivalate (TEAP). AC frequencies ranging from 0.0001 to 25 Hz and AC applied voltages of 0.5 and 2.5 V were investigated. Tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) and arabinose (ARA) were the ionic and neutral model permeants, respectively. In data analysis, the logarithm of the permeability coefficients of HEM for the model permeants was plotted against the logarithm of the HEM electrical resistance for each AC condition.Results-As expected, linear correlations between the logarithms of permeability coefficients and the logarithms of resistances of HEM were observed, and the permeability data were first normalized and then compared at the same HEM electrical resistance using these correlations. Transport enhancement of the ionic permeant was significantly larger than that of the neutral permeant during AC iontophoresis. The fluxes of the ionic permeant during AC iontophoresis of 2.5 V in the frequency range from 5 to 1,000 Hz were relatively constant and were approximately 4 times over those of passive transport. When the AC frequency decreased from 5 to 0.001 Hz at 2.5 V, flux enhancement increased to around 50 times over passive transport.Conclusion-While the AC frequency for achieving the full effect of iontophoretic enhancement at low AC frequency was lower than anticipated, the frequency for approaching passive diffusion transport at high frequency was higher than expected from the HEM morphology. These observations are consistent with a transport model of multiple barriers in series and the previous hypothesis that the iontophoresis pathways across HEM under AC behave like a series of reservoirs interconnected by short pore pathways.

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Nonstationary electroosmotic flow in open cylindrical capillaries

Mishchuk

González‐Caballero

2006

Electrophoresis

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A theoretical model of the EOF established in a wide capillary after the application of a stepwise voltage has been developed. Both periodical and aperiodical flow regimes were studied with arbitrary pulse/pulse or pulse/pause durations and amplitudes. The numerical analysis performed for a few types of periodical regimes showed the peculiarities of the profiles of liquid velocity and its displacement both for the transition to the stationary regime and for the quasi-stationary periodical and aperiodical regimes.

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Effects of electrophoresis and electroosmosis during alternating current iontophoresis across human epidermal membrane

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

Promotion of the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles combined with polypropylene electret

Promotion of the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles combined with polypropylene electret

Alternating Current (AC) Iontophoretic Transport across Human Epidermal Membrane: Effects of AC Frequency and Amplitude

Nonstationary electroosmotic flow in open cylindrical capillaries

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