Effects of early growth on blood pressure of infants of British European and South Asian origin at one year of age: the Manchester children's growth and vascular health study

Bansal, Narinder; Ayoola, Oluwagbemiga Oluwole; Gemmell, Islay; Vyas, Avni; Koudsi, Abir; Oldroyd, John; Clayton, Peter E.; Cruickshank, J.K.

doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f3168e

Cited by 58 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The relatively smaller birth size of SA infants supports this hypothesis [16,17]. Further evidence comes from our observations of ethnic differences in growth and body fat profiles between British-born SA compared to White European (WE) infants [18]. SA were shorter and lighter at birth and already had a tendency to preserve truncal fat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Levels, Independent of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Associate with Truncal Fat and Systolic Blood Pressure in South Asian and White European Preschool Children

Patel¹,

Whatmore²,

Davies³

et al. 2013

Horm Res Paediatr

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Aims: To study the effect of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system on growth, adiposity and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in early life in British-born South Asian (SA) and White European (WE) children. Methods: The effect of IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) over the first 4 years in 204 healthy SA and WE children was investigated by mixed linear regression modelling. This enabled inclusion of all follow-up observations and adjustment for repeated measures. Results: At birth, SA babies were shorter and lighter than WE babies. Over 4 years, SA ethnicity was associated with lower height, weight and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), higher subscapular/triceps skinfold thickness (Ss/Tr SFT) and lower SBP (all p < 0.01). IGF-1 was associated with greater height (p = 0.03), weight (p < 0.001) and BMI SDS (p < 0.001), and IGFBP-3 with greater weight SDS (p < 0.001), BMI SDS (p = 0.001), Ss/Tr SFT (p = 0.003) and SBP (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Over this first 4-year period of life, SA ethnicity was associated with being shorter, lighter, having more superficial truncal adiposity and lower SBP. IGFBP-3 (and not IGF-1) was independently associated with both superficial truncal adiposity and SBP, suggesting that IGFBP-3 is a potential metabolic and cardiovascular marker in healthy children in the early years of life.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Levels, Independent of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Associate with Truncal Fat and Systolic Blood Pressure in South Asian and White European Preschool Children

Patel¹,

Whatmore²,

Davies³

et al. 2013

Horm Res Paediatr

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“…Among 22-year-old British subjects, systolic blood pressure was 1.3 mmHg (95% CI, 0.3 -2.3 mmHg) higher for every standard deviation decrease in birth weight, and increased by 1.6 mmHg (95% CI, 0.6 -2.7 mmHg) for every standard deviation increase in childhood weight gain between 1 and 10 years 81 . Many other studies have confirmed an association of rapid childhood weight gain with higher blood pressures and increased arterial stiffness, often already evident in childhood 79 .…”

Section: Impact Of Childhood Weight Gain On Risk Factors For Chronic mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Increasingly, however, in many populations world-wide, accelerated weight gain or increase in BMI, even in children with NBW, has been consistently associated with increased risk of adult hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [76][77][78] . This effect increases with increasing age of the child; upward crossing of weight or BMI centiles in mid-childhood or adolescence is associated with strong adverse effects on later risk, while upward crossing in infancy (below the age of 1 year) has no or minimal effect on later blood pressure and may protect against diabetes [78][79][80] . Importantly, the gain in childhood BMI associated with increased risk of adult disease is not always 'excessive' in terms of absolute number.…”

Section: Impact Of Childhood Weight Gain On Risk Factors For Chronic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease

et al. 2013

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Developmental programming of non-communicable diseases is now an established paradigm. With respect to hypertension and chronic kidney disease, adverse events experienced in utero can affect development of the fetal kidney and reduce final nephron number. Low birth weight and prematurity are the most consistent clinical surrogates for a low nephron number, and are associated with increased risk of hypertension, proteinuria and kidney disease in later life. Rapid weight gain in childhood or adolescence further compounds these risks. Low birth weight, prematurity and rapid childhood weight gain should alert clinicians to an individual's life-long risk of hypertension and kidney disease, prompting education to minimize additional risk factors and ensuring follow-up. Birth weight and prematurity are significantly impacted by maternal nutrition and health during pregnancy. Optimization of maternal health and early childhood nutrition could therefore attenuate this programming cycle and reduce the global burden of hypertension and kidney disease in the future.

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“…Figure 1 shows the increased odds of later obesity during different age categories from childhood to adulthood predicted by early rapid weight gain, defined as an increase in weight-for-age standard deviation score (SDS) >0.67 SD [29,33]. In addition to an increased obesity risk, high early weight gain in the first 1-2 years of life is associated with a variety of other later adverse health outcomes [34][35][36] such as increased risk of high blood pressure [37], increased body fat deposition [28,38,39], less favorable lipoprotein profiles [40], diabetes [41] and asthma [42][43][44].…”

Section: Postnatal Diet Growth Patterns and The Later Risk Of Obesimentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Koletzko¹,

Beyer²,

Brands³

et al. 2013

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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Health and nutrition modulate postnatal growth. The availability of amino acids and energy, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulates early growth through the mTOR pathway. Amino acids and glucose also stimulate the secretion of IGF-I and insulin. Postnatal growth induces lasting, programming effects on later body size and adiposity in animals and in human observational studies. Rapid weight gain in infancy and the first 2 years was shown to predict increased obesity risk in childhood and adulthood. Breastfeeding leads to lesser high weight gain in infancy and reduces obesity risk in later life by about 20%, presumably partly due to the lower protein supply with human milk than conventional infant formula. In a large randomized clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that reduced infant formula protein contents lower insulin-releasing amino acid concentrations and thereby decrease circulating insulin and IGF-I levels, resulting in lesser early weight gain and reduced later obesity risk (the 'Early Protein Hypothesis'). The results demonstrate that lowered protein in infant formula induces similar -but not equal -metabolic and endocrine responses and normalizes weight and BMI relative to breastfed controls at the age of 2 years. The results available should lead to enhanced efforts to actively promote, protect and support breastfeeding. For infants that are not breastfed or not fully breastfed, the use of infant formulas with lower protein contents but high protein quality appears preferable. Cows' milk as a drink provides high protein intake and should be avoided in infancy.

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Effects of early growth on blood pressure of infants of British European and South Asian origin at one year of age: the Manchester children's growth and vascular health study

Cited by 58 publications

References 46 publications

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Levels, Independent of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Associate with Truncal Fat and Systolic Blood Pressure in South Asian and White European Preschool Children

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Levels, Independent of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Associate with Truncal Fat and Systolic Blood Pressure in South Asian and White European Preschool Children

Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

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