Effects of Different Types of Physical Training on Bone Mineral Density in Men and Women

Abstract

Now, Osteoporosis (OP) is considered one of health threatening diseases in men and women. Physical activity can act critical for bone development, bone health, and fracture risk reduction. It is an effective, low cost and sound way to inhibit the progression of OP if perform regularly and have a structured base. Progression of OP is often related to either little accumulation of peak bone mass before to obtain of skeletal maturity or to excessive rate of bone loss in aging process. Given the rapid aging of societies worldwide, and the fact that no cure exists for osteoporosis, without adequate preventive strategies, the burden of these fractures is likely to grow exponentially. The purpose of this review was to convey the effects of different types of physical training on bone mineral density (BMD) principally at the hip and spine in men and women. Keywords OsteoporosisOsteoporosis (OP) is a serious skeletal disorder induced by bone mass reduction and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue that consequently lead to more fragility in bone and also frequent fractures [1]. This chronic disease causes 1.5 million fractures annually, 700,000 of which occur at the spine [2]. Base on the studies, it has been reported that 50% of women, and 20% of men with the age of 50 and over, will have fractures related to OP in their life time [3]. Osteoporotic fractures commonly occur at the hip, spine and wrist and of these hip fractures have the highest short-term mortality, morbidity and associated socio-economic impact [4,5]. After the age of 40, BMD declines progressively, 0.5% per year or more, especially in women. This decline approaches their mortality rate to 20% following hip fractures. Moreover, the other 2 sites are susceptible with fracture including the spine and the wrist [6]. Fractures lead to more mortality, morbidity, chronic pain, reduction in the quality of life, long-term attention, social and health care costs [7].Typically, the diagnosis of OP is based on the BMD of the lumbar spine and hip measured by dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In a pre or post-menopausal woman a T-score ≤ 2.5 (at least 2.5 standard deviations below the average BMD of a young woman) defines osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization (WHO). A T-score between -1 and -2.5 signifies osteopenia [6,8,9]. DXA is defined as the "gold standard" because experts identified it as high technique with high validation biologically [10].Periods of growth are thought to be the best time to increase bone mineral content, bone area, and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) through increased loading owing to high rates of bone modeling and remodeling [11]. Bone stability links to a lot of interconnected factors, including the size and mass of bone tissue, the structural network of bone and the internal properties of the bone material (porosity, matrix mineralization, collagen traits and micro-damage) [12].The skeletal performance is presented as two functions. First related with metabolism and second is related to b...

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