Effects of Different Physical Activity Levels during a Single Day on Energy Intake, Appetite, and Energy Balance: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the effects of a wide range of daily physical activity (PA) levels on energy balance (EB), energy intake (EI), and appetite. Nine young men completed three different PA levels in a metabolic chamber in a random order: (1) no exercise (Low-PA); (2) 25 min walking seven times (Mid-PA); and (3) 25 min running seven times (High-PA) within a 24 h period. Interval exercise (25 min exercise and 35 min rest) was performed three times in the morning and four times in the afternoon. The exercise intensities were 21.6% and 53.7% V ˙ O2 peak for the Mid-PA and High-PA days, respectively. Participants were served three standardized meals and a buffet for dinner. The 24 h EB was calculated as 24 h energy expenditure (EE) minus 24 h EI. The 24 h EEs for the Low-PA, Mid-PA, and High-PA days were 1907 ± 200, 2232 ± 240, and 3224 ± 426 kcal, respectively, with significant differences observed among the three conditions (p < 0.01 for Low-PA vs. Mid-PA, Low-PA vs. High-PA, and Mid-PA vs. High-PA, respectively). The 24 h EIs for the Low-PA, Mid-PA, and High-PA days were 3232 ± 528, 2991 ± 617, and 3337 ± 684 kcal, and were unaffected by PA levels (p = 0.115). The 24 h EBs were 1324 ± 441 kcal (Low-PA), 759 ± 543 kcal (Mid-PA), and 113 ± 430 kcal (High-PA), with significant differences observed between Low-PA vs. Mid-PA (p = 0.0496), Low-PA vs. High-PA (p ≤ 0.01), and Mid-PA vs. High-PA (p = 0.017) conditions. The EB in the Low-PA group was the highest of the three conditions. Appetite perception did not differ among the study days, however there was an interaction trend (p = 0.078, time × condition). Thus, significantly different daily PA did not affect 24 h EI, however markedly affected 24 h EB, implying that EB is not automatically matched during a single day.

Association of physical activity status with dietary energy density and nutritional adequacy

“…When energy intake is more than energy expenditure; that is, when energy balance shifts positively, weight gain begins (Mahan & Raymond, 2016). Hatamoto et al concluded in their study that significantly different daily physical activity did not energy intake (Hatamoto et al, 2019). In this study, no significant difference was found between physically active and inactive men in terms of energy expenditure, while physically inactive women had statistically significantly higher energy intake compared to active women (p < 0.05).…”

Doubly labelled water‐calibrated energy intake associations with mortality risk among older adults

“…Some epidemiological studies indicated a U‐ 35 or J‐shaped 36 relationship between the PA level and EI, and the lowest PA groups have higher EI and body weight. Conversely, an experimental study using metabolic chambers has shown that EI does not change, but energy balance differs at different levels of PA 37 . These data imply that EI is not automatically matched to the PA level.…”

“…Energy balance is important not only for EI but also for energy expenditure, including PA. [35][36][37] Some epidemiological studies indicated a U- 35 or J-shaped 36 relationship between the PA level and EI, and the lowest PA groups have higher EI and body weight. Conversely, an experimental study using metabolic chambers has shown that EI does not change, but energy balance differs at different levels of PA. 37 These data imply that EI is not automatically matched to the PA level. Although we adjusted for self-reported PA as a confounder, we could not evaluate the relationship between energy balance and mortality risk.…”

“…Energy balance is important not only for EI but also for energy expenditure, including PA 35–37 . Some epidemiological studies indicated a U‐ 35 or J‐shaped 36 relationship between the PA level and EI, and the lowest PA groups have higher EI and body weight.…”

The Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Transition and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Adults From 1997 to 2015: Based on Seven Cross-Sectional Studies and a Prospective Cohort Study

“…One possible reason for these declines could be decreased physical activity. In China, although leisure-time physical activity have generally increased since 2000 ( 19 ), total physical activity have dropped sharply from 1991 to 2009 ( 20 ), and classical literatures showed a J-shaped relationship between physical activity and energy intake ( 21 , 22 ). However, physical activity was also inversely related to incident diabetes ( 23 ).…”