“…Currently, probiotics, prebiotics, feed enzymes, and plant extracts play vital roles in immunomodulating and improving the metabolic efficiency of nutrients and thus can be used as alternatives to antibiotics ( Ayalew, et al, 2022 ; Khalilnia, et al, 2023 ; Noormohammadi, et al, 2023 ; Obianwuna, et al, 2023 ; Zhang, et al, 2023 ). Probiotics show both immunomodulatory and nutritional effects without residual or toxic side effects, and thus, they are considered the best potential products with which to replace antibiotics in poultry production ( Al-Khalaifah, 2018 ).…”