“…Recently, we have reported that supplementing milk fat-based diets (21% milk fat by weight) with milk PLs (at 1% and 2% w/w) resulted in significantly lower hepatic cholesterol concentrations in LDLr −/− mice, although no effects were seen in hepatic TG content [102]. For human studies, there is limited data available evaluating the effects of milk PLs on NAFLD-related markers, although one study by Weiland et al [147] found beneficial effects of 2-3 g/day of milk PLs for 7-8 weeks on serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a marker of fatty liver disease, with no changes in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (markers of liver injury) in two separate clinical trials of overweight or obese men. 1% MPL: Decreased hepatic TC (−53%) [102] Abbreviations: AMF, anhydrous milk fat; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; Cer-fr, ceramide-rich fraction; CE, cholesteryl ester; DAG, diacylglycerol; FA, fatty acid; GG, gangliosides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFD, high-fat diet; LC-BS, lipid-concentrated butter serum; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LFD, low-fat diet; MFGM, milk fat globular membrane; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; PL, phospholipids; PLRDME, phospholipid-rich dairy milk extract; Sar1B, secretion-associated: SM, sphingomyelin; SM-fr, sphingomyelin-rich fraction; SPL, soybean polar lipids; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; and VLCFA, very long-chain fatty acids.…”