Effects of dietary milk- and soya-phospholipids on lipid-parameters and other risk indicators for cardiovascular diseases in overweight or obese men – two double-blind, randomised, controlled, clinical trials

Abstract

The present study examined the effect of milk phospholipids (milk-PL) on lipid metabolism and on other risk factors for CVD, in comparison with milk fat (control) or soya phospholipids (soya-PL), respectively. Two double-blind parallel-group intervention trials were conducted in overweight or obese male subjects. In the first trial (trial 1), sixty-two men consumed milk enriched with either 2 g milk-PL or 2 g milk fat (control) for 8 weeks. In trial 2, fifty-seven men consumed milk enriched with either 3 g milk-PL or 2·8 g soya-PL for 7 weeks. In trial 1, milk-PL as compared with control reduced waist circumference but did not affect plasma lipids (total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, TAG, phospholipids), apoB, apoA1, glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity index, C-reactive protein, IL-6, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule and total homocysteine (tHcy). Serum activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were not changed. Activity of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a marker of fatty liver, increased in the control but not in the milk-PL group, with a significant intervention effect. In trial 2, milk-PL as compared with soya-PL did not affect the above-mentioned parameters, but decreased GGT. Subjects with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations CT and TT had 11 % (P < 0·05) higher baseline tHcy concentrations than those with the wild-type CC. However, genotype did not modulate the phospholipid intervention effect on tHcy. In conclusion, supplementation with milk-PL as compared with control fat reduced waist circumference and, as compared with both control fat and soya-PL, GGT activity.

Milk polar lipids reduce lipid cardiovascular risk factors in overweight postmenopausal women: towards a gut sphingomyelin-cholesterol interplay

“…Here, fasting plasma level of PCSK9 significantly decreased after milk PL intervention regardless of dose, suggesting that the lowering effect of milk PL on serum LDL-C may be mediated at least in part by PCSK9 despite the lack of group effect. Previous studies in healthy men and women reported no reduction of fasting total C, LDL-C, TAG and/or ApoB after 2–12 weeks interventions with 1 g/day of milk SM36 or up to 2.8 g/day supplementation with milk PL/MFGM,15 16 37 38 despite control (other PL or devoid of PL) increased such risk markers. Only one 4-week crossover trial with low-fat buttermilk-based drink showed decreased fasting serum total C (−3.1%), LDL-C (−3.1%) and TAG (−10.7%), although with no effect on HDL-C or ApoB48 26.…”

“…Up to date, several rodent studies have shown that milk PL impact postprandial lipid metabolism, lower intestinal absorption and hepatic accumulation of cholesterol and increase faecal excretion of cholesterol,10–12 leading to speculate that dietary supplementation with milk PL might be of therapeutic value in humans. However, strong evidence in humans is still lacking since most of the available clinical studies have been performed in healthy subjects with increased energy intake due to PL supplementation and were rather inconclusive regarding the beneficial impact on lipid metabolism 13–16. Considering the intestinal microbial conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol and increasing evidence that the gut microbiota is influenced by dietary factors and may impact host lipid metabolism,17–19 a putative effect of milk PL on human gut microbiome may exist but was so far not investigated.…”

Milk Polar Lipids: Underappreciated Lipids with Emerging Health Benefits

“…Recently, we have reported that supplementing milk fat-based diets (21% milk fat by weight) with milk PLs (at 1% and 2% w/w) resulted in significantly lower hepatic cholesterol concentrations in LDLr −/− mice, although no effects were seen in hepatic TG content [102]. For human studies, there is limited data available evaluating the effects of milk PLs on NAFLD-related markers, although one study by Weiland et al [147] found beneficial effects of 2-3 g/day of milk PLs for 7-8 weeks on serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a marker of fatty liver disease, with no changes in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (markers of liver injury) in two separate clinical trials of overweight or obese men. 1% MPL: Decreased hepatic TC (−53%) [102] Abbreviations: AMF, anhydrous milk fat; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; Cer-fr, ceramide-rich fraction; CE, cholesteryl ester; DAG, diacylglycerol; FA, fatty acid; GG, gangliosides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFD, high-fat diet; LC-BS, lipid-concentrated butter serum; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LFD, low-fat diet; MFGM, milk fat globular membrane; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; PL, phospholipids; PLRDME, phospholipid-rich dairy milk extract; Sar1B, secretion-associated: SM, sphingomyelin; SM-fr, sphingomyelin-rich fraction; SPL, soybean polar lipids; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; and VLCFA, very long-chain fatty acids.…”

“…Similarly, Norris et al [9] reported that blood glucose and HOMA-IR were not significantly affected by 0.1% (w/w) milk SM supplementation in C57BL/6J mice fed an obesogenic HFD for 10 weeks, although egg SM was shown to significantly reduce fasting glucose in the same study. Weiland et al [147] observed the effects of three different milk interventions administered to overweight and obese men. Within this report, there were two double-blind parallel-group trials that occurred involving PL-enriched milk supplementation in overweight/obese men.…”

Vesicle properties and health benefits of milk phospholipids: a review

“…The nutraceutical value of milk polar lipids has previously been reviewed, including the efficacy for modification of the trajectory recession of cerebral structure in old age (Reddan et al, 2018), the roles in the growth of infant brain and gut (Ortega-Anaya and Jimenez-Flores, 2018), the effects of immune-mediated anti-carcinogenic effects and anti-inflammatory activity (Verardo et al, 2017), and the relevance to hepatoprotection and cardiovascular diseases (Castro-Gómez et al, 2015). Moreover, milk phospholipids consequently reduced the waist circumference of the participants in this trial, compared with soy lecithin in a clinical trial, although the blood lipid concentrations of the attendants in the trial was not altered (Weiland et al, 2016). In addition, the effects of Lacprodan® PL-20 on supporting infant intestinal maturation (Arla, 2019) and a healthy microbiota (Nejrup et al, 2017) have been clinically demonstrated.…”