Effects of dietary arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) and endogenous probiotics on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and gut microbiota of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

Optimal dietary protein level improved growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier function of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…18 fish were randomly selected from each treatment, anaesthetized in a benzocaine bath as described by Geraylou et al [38]. Then sacrificed, the muscle and liver of fish were quickly removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored at À80 C according to Veiseth-Kent et al [39], and for later analysis to the determination of glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-puruvate transaminase (GPT) activities.…”

“…At the end of the challenge trial, all fish from each treatment were anaesthetized in a benzocaine bath as described by Geraylou et al [38]. A scoring system was designed to evaluate the severity of fish intestinal inflammation, which was similar to Song et al [45] and Refstie et al [48].…”

The impaired intestinal mucosal immune system by valine deficiency for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with decreasing immune status and regulating tight junction proteins transcript abundance in the intestine

“…Six hours after the last feeding, the blood samples of six fish from each treatment were drawn from the caudal vein using heparinised syringes for plasma ammonia determination according to Dong et al [8]. Another 18 fish from each treatment were anaesthetized in a benzocaine bath, as described by Geraylou et al [38], and the intestines of the fish were quickly removed, weighed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at À80 C for later analysis. The intestine samples were homogenized in 10 volumes (w/v) of ice-cold physiological saline and centrifuged at 6000 g at 4 C for 20 min, and the supernatants were stored as described by Deng et al [39] until used for the determination of intestinal immune parameters.…”

Effects of dietary protein levels on the disease resistance, immune function and physical barrier function in the gill of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) after challenged with Flavobacterium columnare

“…At the end of the challenge trial, all fish from each treatment were anaesthetized in a benzocaine bath as described by Geraylou et al [47]. Gill rot is the common gill disease of fish [3].…”