The impaired intestinal mucosal immune system by valine deficiency for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with decreasing immune status and regulating tight junction proteins transcript abundance in the intestine

Optimal dietary protein level improved growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier function of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…During the experiment, water temperature was averaged at 28 ± 2 C, and pH value was maintained at 7.0 ± 0.2. The dissolved oxygen not less than 6.0 mg L À1 according to our laboratory study [3]. The experimental units were under natural light and dark cycle as described by Wen et al [37].…”

“…To prevent foreign substance invasion, fish have developed intestinal immune barriers and physical barriers [2]. Studies from our laboratory have revealed that impaired intestinal immune barriers and physical barriers could decrease the growth performance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) [3]. Therefore, enhancing intestinal immune and physical barrier functions are crucial to fish.…”

Dietary low or excess levels of lipids reduced growth performance, and impaired immune function and structure of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila

“…The carbonyl content was calculated from the peak absorbance at 340 nm using an absorption coefficient of 22,000/M/cm. The GSH content was determined by measuring the formation of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate (TNB) according to the method of Luo et al [3]. The anti-superoxide anion (ASA) capacity was measured using the griess reagent and the anti-hydroxyl radical (a-HR) capacity analysed using the Fenton reaction, which was referenced by the method of Zhao et al [66].…”

“…Lopez et al [2] reported that low dietary levels of lipids could decrease weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) in white seabass (Lates calcarifer). To our knowledge, fish growth is positively related to disease resistance [3]. Arma et al [4] reported that fish disease resistance is related to immune response, which partly relies on the function and structure of immune organs.…”

Effects of dietary protein levels on the disease resistance, immune function and physical barrier function in the gill of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) after challenged with Flavobacterium columnare

“…The dissolved oxygen not less than 6.0 mg L À1 according to our laboratory study [43]. The experimental units were under natural light and dark cycle as described by Wen et al [44].…”