Effects of cooperation and competition on responsibility attribution after success and failure

Wolosin, Robert J.; Sherman, Steven J.; Till, Amnon

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(73)90011-5

Cited by 168 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In all, the evidence for the presence of the SSB in dyadic interdependent outcomes tasks is weak. The SSB was present in two cases (Wolosin et al, 1973, Experiment 1;Wolosin et al, Experiment 2, success condition), the OSB was obtained in another case (Johnston, 1967), and null findings were reported in still another case (Wolosin et al, 1973, failure condition of Experiment 2). How can this inconsistency be accounted for?…”

Section: The Ssb In Interdependent Outcomes Tasks: the Case Of Distanmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Self in Relationships: Whether, How, and When Close Others Put the Self “in Its Place”

Sedikides¹,

Campbell²,

Reeder³

et al. 2001

European Review of Social Psychology

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favorable impression of the partner; and (b) expecting attributional generosity from the partner. In fact, when the partner violates this exp ectancy (i.e., when he/she displays the SSB), members of close dyads respond by manifesting the SSB in turn. We discuss these and several other contingencies that are likely to keep an individual's self-enhancement tendencies in check.Individuals enhance the self in diverse and remarkable ways. They consider themselves more moral, trustworthy, kind, and physically attractive than others. They rate themselves as above-average teachers, managers, and leaders. They also believe that they are happier than others, that they are likely to be healthier and live longer than others, and that they are more likely than others to experience positive life events but less likely than others to experience negative life events. They even believe they are better drivers! Such overblown self-evaluations are well documented (Sedikides & Strube, 1997). These beliefs are maintained through several mechanisms. One mechanism is biased memorial processes, such as better memory for positive than negative self-attributes (Skowronski, Betz, Thompson, & Shannon, 1991) and for feedback pertaining to one's strengths rather than one's weak@sses (Sedikides & Green, 2000). Another mechanism is the selective reconstruction, generation, and evaluation of confirming causal theories (Kunda, 1990;Ross, 1989). A third mechanism is the idiosyncratic (i.e., favorable to the self) definition of traits and abilities (Dunning, 1993). Other mechanisms include denial (Janoff-Bulman & Timko, 1987), psychological distancing from others (Schimel, Pyszczynski, Greenberg, O 'Mahen, & Arndt, 2000), affirmation of a self-domain that is unrelated to the selfdomain under threat (Steele, 1988), downward social comparison (Wills, 1981, favorable self-presentation (Schlenker & Pontari, 2000), and selffavoring causal attributions for success and failure -an attributional pattern known as the self-serving bias (SSB).The SSB is the individual's propensity to make internal attributions for success, but external attributions for failure. Stated otherwise, the SSB refers to the individual's taking responsibility for successful task outcomes, but denying responsibility, or blaming other persons or circumstances, for failed task outcomes. For example, students will take credit for passing a difficult examination, but will attribute failing the same examination to its difficulty or the instructor's tough grading policy; business partners working on an account will claim disproportionate credit if the account is gained, but will avoid personal responsibility if the account is lost; and group members will overemphasize their individual contribution on a group project, but will blame other members for the group's inferior output. The SSB is pervasive, and is one of the most robust and easily replicable phenomena in social and personality psychology (for both narrative and quantitative reviews, see Arkin, Cooper,

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Section: The Ssb In Interdependent Outcomes Tasks: the Case Of Distanmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Self in Relationships: Whether, How, and When Close Others Put the Self “in Its Place”

Sedikides¹,

Campbell²,

Reeder³

et al. 2001

European Review of Social Psychology

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“…The self-serving bias refers to a person's tendency to claim more responsibility than a partner for success and less responsibility for failure in a situation in which an outcome is produced jointly (Wolosin, Sherman, and Till 1973).…”

Section: Potential Psychological Responses To Customer Participation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production

Bendapudi

Leone

2003

Journal of Marketing

1,175

931

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Customer participation in the production of goods and services appears to be growing. The marketing literature has largely focused on the economic implications of this trend and has not addressed customers’ potential psychological responses to participation. The authors draw on the social psychological literature on the self-serving bias and conduct two studies to examine the effects of participation on customer satisfaction. Study 1 shows that consistent with the self-serving bias, given an identical outcome, customer satisfaction with a firm differs depending on whether a customer participates in production. Study 2 shows that providing customers a choice in whether to participate mitigates the self-serving bias when the outcome is worse than expected. The authors present theoretical and practical implications and provide directions for further research.

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“…However, there are other models assuming that overconfidence dynamically changes over time (see, e.g., Gervais and Odean [2001]). This modeling assumption is usually motivated by psychological studies that find biased self-attribution (see Wolosin et al [1973], Langer and Roth [1975], Miller and Ross [1975], Schneider et al [1979]): People overestimate the degree to which they are …”

Section: Portfolio Performance and Overconfidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Overconfidence and trading volume

Glaser

Weber

2007

Geneva Risk Insur Rev

551

267

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Theoretical models predict that overconfident investors will trade more than rational investors. We directly test this hypothesis by correlating individual overconfidence scores with several measures of trading volume of individual investors. Approximately 3,000 online broker investors were asked to answer an internet questionnaire which was designed to measure various facets of overconfidence (miscalibration, volatility estimates, better than average effect). The measures of trading volume were calculated by the trades of 215 individual investors who answered the questionnaire. We find that investors who think that they are above average in terms of investment skills or past performance (but who did not have above average performance in the past) trade more. Measures of miscalibration are, contrary to theory, unrelated to measures of trading volume. This result is striking as theoretical models that incorporate overconfident investors mainly motivate this assumption by the calibration literature and model overconfidence as underestimation of the variance of signals. In connection with other recent findings, we conclude that the usual way of motivating and modeling overconfidence which is mainly based on the calibration literature has to be treated with caution. Moreover, our way of empirically evaluating behavioral finance models-the correlation of economic and psychological variables and the combination of psychometric measures of judgment biases (such as overconfidence scores) and field data-seems to be a promising way to better understand which psychological phenomena actually drive economic behavior.

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Effects of cooperation and competition on responsibility attribution after success and failure

Cited by 168 publications

References 8 publications

The Self in Relationships: Whether, How, and When Close Others Put the Self “in Its Place”

The Self in Relationships: Whether, How, and When Close Others Put the Self “in Its Place”

Psychological Implications of Customer Participation in Co-Production

Overconfidence and trading volume

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