Effects of combined endurance and strength training on muscle strength, power and hypertrophy in 40–67‐year‐old men

Karavirta, Laura; Häkkinen, Arja; Sillanpää, Elina; García-López, David; Kauhanen, Antti; Haapasaari, A.; Alén, Markku; Pakarinen, Arto; Kraemer, William J.; Izquierdo, Mikel; Gorostiaga, Esteban M.; Häkkinen, Keijo

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01059.x

Cited by 92 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Thus, maximal muscle strength gains may be mediated largely by adaptations in the nervous system during the first months of RT. Indeed, this is supported by previous findings in the part of the present subjects showing significant RT-induced increases in the m.vastus lateralis and/or medialis electromyography activity (Häkkinen et al 1998;Häkkinen et al 2000a, b;Häkkinen et al 2001a, b;Holviala et al 2010;Karavirta et al 2011a;Mikkola et al 2012;Holviala et al 2012;Walker et al 2014). Interestingly, some of the present subjects respond poorly in hypertrophy (i.e., ranked to lowest quintile in muscle size changes in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Ahtiainen

Walker

Peltonen

et al. 2016

AGE

163

150

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Physical activity recommendations for public health include typically muscle-strengthening activities for a minimum of 2 days a week. The range of interindividual variation in responses to resistance training (RT) aiming to improve health and well-being requires to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify high and low responders for RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength and to examine possible effects of age and sex on these responses. Previously collected data of untrained healthy men and women (age 19 to 78 years, n = 287 with 72 controls) were pooled for the present study. Muscle size and strength changed during RT are 4.8 ± 6.1 % (range from −11 to 30 %) and 21.1 ± 11.5 % (range from −8 to 60 %) compared to pre-RT, respectively. Age and sex did not affect to the RT responses. Fourteen percent and 12 % of the subjects were defined as high responders (>1 standard deviation (SD) from the group mean) for the RT-induced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. When taking into account the results of nontraining controls (upper 95 % CI), 29 and 7 % of the subjects were defined as low responders for the RTinduced changes in muscle size and strength, respectively. The muscle size and strength responses varied extensively between the subjects regardless of subject's age and sex. Whether these changes are associated with, e.g., functional capacity and metabolic health improvements due to RT requires further studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Ahtiainen

Walker

Peltonen

et al. 2016

AGE

163

150

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“…Twelve original research studies that investigated the effects of concurrent training in the elderly were included, and their results were described. From these studies, 10 compared the effects of concurrent training with strength training and endurance training that were performed alone (Wood et al 2001;Izquierdo et al 2004;Sillampää et al 2008Sillampää et al , 2009aCadore et al 2010Cadore et al , 2011aHolviala et al 2010Holviala et al , 2011Karavirta et al 2009Karavirta et al , 2011, and two studies compared different types of concurrent training (Cadore et al 2012a, b).…”

Section: Inclusion Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon may occur due to the negative influence of endurance training performance on strength training-induced neuromuscular adaptations (Dolezal and Potteiger 1998;Kraemer et al 1995). Although several studies have focused on concurrent training in young populations García-Pallares and Izquierdo 2011;Izquierdo-Gabarren et al 2010;Cadore et al 2012c;Silva et al 2012), a limited number of studies have explored the effects of concurrent training on strength and endurance performance in older individuals (Izquierdo et al 2004;Cadore et al 2010Cadore et al , 2012aHolviala et al 2010;Sillampää et al 2008;Karavirta et al 2011). Certain studies have recently examined the influence of volume and intensity manipulation and the effects of the intra-session exercise sequence on concurrent training adaptations (Izquierdo et al 2004(Izquierdo et al , 2005Cadore et al 2010Cadore et al , 2011aCadore et al , 2012a.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update

Izquierdo

2013

AGE

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The purpose of the present study was to review the scientific literature that investigated concurrent training adaptations in elderly populations, with the aim of identifying the optimal combination of both training program variables (i.e., strength and endurance) to avoid or minimize the interference effect in the elderly. Scielo, Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Concurrent training is the most effective strategy by which to improve neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions as well as functional capacity in the elderly. The volume and frequency of training appears to play a critical role in concurrent training-induced adaptations in elderly subjects. Furthermore, new evidence indicates that the intra-session exercise order may influence the magnitude of physiological adaptations. Despite the interference effect on strength gains that is caused by concurrent training, this type of training is advantageous in that the combination of strength and endurance training produces both neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations in the elderly. The interference phenomenon may be observed in elderly subjects when a moderate weekly volume of concurrent training (i.e., three times per week) is performed. However, even with the occurrence of this phenomenon, the performance of three concurrent training sessions per week appears to optimize the strength gains in relative brief periods of training (12 weeks). Moreover, performing strength prior to endurance exercise may optimize both neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains.

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“…Sillanpää et al [22] showed that combined training reduced percent body fat mass and increased lean body mass in healthy middle-age and older women. Karavirta et al [23] reported that combined training increased muscle strength in 40-67-year-old men. Regarding vascular function, Figueroa et al [24] reported that a 12-week moderate-intensity combined training improved arterial stiffness, hemodynamics in postmenopausal women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies reported that combined aerobic and resistance training effectively reduce body mass and body fat mass, as well as increase muscle strength in middle-age and older people [20][21][22][23]. Sillanpää et al [22] showed that combined training reduced percent body fat mass and increased lean body mass in healthy middle-age and older women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention Study on the Exercise Order of Combined Aerobic & Resistance Training in the Elderly

Shiotsu¹,

Yanagita²

2017

JSS

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When combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session is performed, the exercise order may lead to different effects with respect to factors such as muscle strength, hormone responses, energy metabolism, and vascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session on body composition, muscle strength and arterial stiffness in the elderly. Thirty-one elderly subjects (70.5 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to 3 groups; AR: aerobic before resistance training, RA: resistance before aerobic training and CON: no training. Subjects trained 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 5 different exercises, 70%-80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Aerobic exercise consisted of cycling at 60% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Significant interaction effects were observed in body fat percentage (P < 0.01) and 1RM (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed between AR and RA. In contrast, pulse wave velocity (PWV) significantly reduced in the RA (8.8 ± 2.1 m/s to 7.6 ± 1.9 m/s, P < 0.05), while PWV increased in the AR (7.9 ± 2.8 m/s to 10.0 ± 2.6 m/s, P < 0.01), and there was significant difference between AR and RA (P < 0.05). In conclusion, no effects of the exercise order were observed in body composition and muscle strength. However, aerobic exercise after resistance training reduced arterial stiffness and difference of exercise order was observed.

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Effects of combined endurance and strength training on muscle strength, power and hypertrophy in 40–67‐year‐old men

Cited by 92 publications

References 47 publications

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages

How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update

Intervention Study on the Exercise Order of Combined Aerobic & Resistance Training in the Elderly

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