Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives on Bone Mineral Density and Metabolism in Perimenopausal Korean Women

Abstract

Objectives A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the effects of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) on bone mineral density (BMD) and metabolism in perimenopausal Korean women. Methods The study subjects comprised two groups. The COC group included 55 women who took low-dose COC for at least one year to control vasomotor symptoms. Another 55 women who had annual checkups without history of COC use served as controls. BMD and bone turnover markers were assessed periodically. Results In the control group, 12-month BMD values at the lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (TH) significantly decreased with a greater magnitude at LS, and bone resorption (BR) and formation (BF) markers increased concurrently with a larger change in BR. COCs increased BMD at LS after 12 months and prevented BMD decline at TH. Multivariable linear regression revealed a significant difference in LS BMD between groups at 12 months. In the COC group, there were significant negative correlations between baseline BMD and Z-score at LS and corresponding changes at 12 months. COCs did not alter BR markers, whereas BF markers were significantly decreased at 3 months. Group comparison at 12 months, as tested with adjusted linear regression, disclosed significant differences in both BR and BF makers. Conclusions Bone loss associated with activated bone turnover is evident during the menopausal transition, and COCs might prevent BMD decrease and suppress bone turnover markers in perimenopausal Korean women. Significant increase in LS BMD and decreases in BF makers suggest underlying mechanisms of greater impact on BF.

Hormonal and non-hormonal oral contraceptives given long-term to pubertal rats differently affect bone mass, quality and metabolism

“…This was demonstrated by a decrease in bone mass independent of body weight, mineralization, and strength, as well as deterioration in bone microarchitecture, and changes in a greater number of metabolites detected in bone and serum. The decrease in bone mass at L5 caused by the OCs is consistent with the effect of CHCs in adolescent women ( 45 ), implying that the results of our study on bone mineralization, microarchitecture, composition, and strength in response to these OCs, may apply to humans.…”