Effects of cold‐water immersion on VEGF mRNA and protein expression in heart and skeletal muscles of rats

Kim, J. C.; Yi, Ho Keun; Hwang, Pyoung Han; Yoon, Ji-Seon; Kim, H. J.; Kawano, Fuminori; Ohira, Yoshinobu; Kim, C. K.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.2005.01415.x

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…To the authors’ knowledge, the present findings are the first to demonstrate increased VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle in response to acute CWI. These observations are consistent with previous observations indicating that CWI increased VEGF 165 mRNA approximately ~1.6-fold in rat soleus muscle (Kim et al 2005). However, further work is required to determine whether regular post-exercise CWI promotes changes in protein content consistent with vascular adaptation to exercise training.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Consistent with its initial discovery as “cold-inducible” (Puigserver et al 1998), there is now a growing body of literature from both rodent (Oliveira et al 2004; Kim et al 2005; Stancic et al 2013) and human tissues (Slivka et al 2012, 2013; Ihsan et al 2014, 2015) demonstrating that exposure to an acute and prolonged “cold” stimulus (as mediated via cold ambient temperatures or cold water immersion) also up-regulates PGC-1α expression. When taken together, these data therefore suggest that acute cold exposure may enhance the response over and above the stress of exercise alone to induce the classical hallmark adaptations to endurance training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…To date, limited attention has focused upon the influence of acute CWI on VEGF expression. In animals, Kim et al (2005) demonstrated that prolonged CWI (1 h day −1 , 5 days week −1 for 20 weeks) evoked higher expressions of VEGF 165 mRNA and protein when compared to a control. In contrast, in humans, Ihsan et al (2014), failed to observe any effect of CWI on VEGF mRNA despite apparent activation of PGC-1α.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

et al. 2016

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PurposeWe tested the hypothesis that both post-exercise and passive cold water immersion (CWI) increases PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle.Method Study 1 Nine males completed an intermittent running protocol (8 × 3-min bouts at 90 % , interspersed with 3-min active recovery (1.5-min at 25 % and 1.5-min at 50 % ) before undergoing CWI (10 min at 8 °C) or seated rest (CONT) in a counterbalanced, randomised manner. Study 2 Ten males underwent an identical CWI protocol under passive conditions.Results Study 1 PGC-1α mRNA increased in CONT (~3.4-fold; P < 0.001) and CWI (~5.9-fold; P < 0.001) at 3 h post-exercise with a greater increase observed in CWI (P < 0.001). VEGFtotal mRNA increased after CWI only (~2.4-fold) compared with CONT (~1.1-fold) at 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.01). Study 2 Following CWI, PGC-1α mRNA expression was significantly increased ~1.3-fold (P = 0.001) and 1.4-fold (P = 0.0004) at 3 and 6 h, respectively. Similarly, VEGF165 mRNA was significantly increased in CWI ~1.9-fold (P = 0.03) and 2.2-fold (P = 0.009) at 3 and 6 h post-immersion.ConclusionsData confirm post-exercise CWI augments the acute exercise-induced expression of PGC-1α mRNA in human skeletal muscle compared to exercise per se. Additionally CWI per se mediates the activation of PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Cold water may therefore enhance the adaptive response to acute exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

et al. 2016

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“…Gene expression of VEGF was higher in the cold compared to hot and room temperature conditions, which is in agreement with other studies. VEGF is a major regulatory factor in skeletal muscle adaptation to the cold environment, stimulating angiogenesis and thermogenesis (Kim et al 2005, Fredriksson et al 2005). Thus, the observation of cold-induced increase in VEGF mRNA may be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression

Zak

Shute

Heesch

et al. 2017

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Many human diseases lead to a loss of skeletal muscle metabolic function and mass. Local and environmental temperature can modulate the exercise-stimulated response of several genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle function in a human model. However, the impact of environmental temperature, independent of exercise, has not been addressed in a human model. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exposure to hot, cold, and room temperature conditions on skeletal muscle gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle mass. METHODS Recreationally trained male subjects (n=12) had muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after 3 h exposure to hot (33 °C), cold (7 °C), or room temperature (20 °C) conditions. RESULTS Temperature had no effect on most of the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, myogenesis, or proteolysis (p > 0.05). Core temperature was significantly higher in hot and cold environments compared to room temperature (37.2 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.001; 37.1 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.013; 36.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). Whole body oxygen consumption was also significantly higher in hot and cold compared to room temperature (0.38 ± 0.01 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.52 ± 0.03 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.35 ± 0.01 L·min−1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data show that acute temperature exposure alone does not elicit significant changes in skeletal muscle gene expression. When considered in conjunction with previous research, exercise appears to be a necessary component to observe gene expression alterations between different environmental temperatures in humans.

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“…Mechanistically, acute CWI following endurance-type exercise has been reported to increase expression of the proangiogenic VEGF gene in human muscle (28,30). Consistently, chronic CWI increased VEGF mRNA and protein in rat soleus muscle (32). However, the effects of regular CWI on such regulators of angiogenesis, and resulting capillary development after strength training in humans, are unknown and warrant further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Divergent effects of cold water immersion versus active recovery on skeletal muscle fiber type and angiogenesis in young men

D’Souza

Zeng

Markworth

et al. 2018

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Resistance training (RT) increases muscle fiber size and induces angiogenesis to maintain capillary density. Cold water immersion (CWI), a common postexercise recovery modality, may improve acute recovery, but it attenuates muscle hypertrophy compared with active recovery (ACT). It is unknown if CWI following RT alters muscle fiber type expression or angiogenesis. Twenty-one men strength trained for 12 wk, with either 10 min of CWI ( n = 11) or ACT ( n = 10) performed following each session. Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at rest before and after training. Type IIx myofiber percent decreased ( P = 0.013) and type IIa myofiber percent increased with training ( P = 0.012), with no difference between groups. The number of capillaries per fiber increased from pretraining in the CWI group ( P = 0.004) but not the ACT group ( P = 0.955). Expression of myosin heavy chain genes ( MYH1 and MYH2), encoding type IIx and IIa fibers, respectively, decreased in the ACT group, whereas MYH7 (encoding type I fibers) increased in the ACT group versus CWI ( P = 0.004). Myosin heavy chain IIa protein increased with training ( P = 0.012) with no difference between groups. The proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor protein decreased posttraining in the ACT group versus CWI ( P < 0.001), whereas antiangiogenic Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 protein increased with training in both groups ( P = 0.015). Expression of microRNAs that regulate muscle fiber type (miR-208b and -499a) and angiogenesis (miR-15a, -16, and -126) increased only in the ACT group ( P < 0.05). CWI recovery after each training session altered the angiogenic and fiber type-specific response to RT through regulation at the levels of microRNA, gene, and protein expression.

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Effects of cold‐water immersion on VEGF mRNA and protein expression in heart and skeletal muscles of rats

Abstract: These results suggest that the VEGF gene may be a major regulatory factor in cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptation to the cold environment stimulating angiogenesis and thermogenesis.

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression

Divergent effects of cold water immersion versus active recovery on skeletal muscle fiber type and angiogenesis in young men

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