“…Existing research suggests that audit fees depend on company size (Simunic, 1980;Koh & Tong, 2013;Gietzmann & Pettinicchio, 2014;Han et al, 2016), auditee complexity (Craswell, Francis, & Taylor, 1995;Choi et al, 2008;Hogan & Wilkins, 2008;Han et al, 2016), asset structure (Stice, 1991;Sundgren, 1998;Krishnan & Visvanathan 2009), financial condition (Stice, 1991;Craswell, Francis, & Taylor, 1995;Chang & Hwang, 2003;Desai, Hogan, & Wilkins, 2006;), business risk (Bell, Landsman, & Shackelford, 2001;Koh & Tong, 2013), earnings quality (Becker et al, 1998;Bartov, Gul, & Tsui, 2000;Bedard & Johnstone, 2004;Abbott et al, 2006;Dechow, Ge, & Schrand, 2010), corporate governance (Chen et al, 2014;Srinidhi, Yan, & Tayi, 2015), and regulatory environment (Jaggi & Low, 2011;Su & Wu, 2017). Furthermore, researchers have also considered the effect of external monitoring on audit risk.…”