Bone healing is a complex process influenced by biological, mechanical, and systemic factors. Delays in bone healing affect the success of almost all oral surgical procedures. Bone healing may be decelerated for various reasons or may result in formation of fibrous tissue (1).Cigarette smoke (CS) disrupts bone healing, can lead to osteoporosis, and affects the planning and success of surgical procedures. The effect of CS on bone metabolism could be via disorders in bone angiogenesis, collagen metabolism, and the RANK-RANKL-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (2,3). Direct cellular effects of CS on bone include changes in calciotropic hormone metabolism (4). Osteocalcin can be affected by CS directly or by hormonal changes and may decrease osteoblast activity (5). Fung et al. (6) reported that nicotine (active ingredient of cigarettes) reduced vitamin D storage and osteoblast activity in humans.Resveratrol (trans-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol, is a plant metabolite found in grapes and wine, with osteogenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antiaging effects (7-9). In vitro studies have shown that resveratrol inhibits osteoclast differentiation, increases formation of osteoblasts, and stimulates expression of the vitamin D receptor in bone marrow osteoblast precursor cells (10,11). Studies using various vitamins and hormones to reduce or eliminate the negative effects of CS on the healing and metabolism of bone have been published (12,13). However, these substances affect only osteoblasts or osteoclasts.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of CS and simultaneous application of resveratrol on bone healing histomorphometrically and to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on negative effects of CS.
Materials and methods
Study designThirty-eight Sprague Dawley rats (6 months; 250-300 g) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Production and Experimental Research Laboratory of Süleyman Demirel University. The experiment was performed with the approval of the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Süleyman Demirel University (date and number, 14.08.2012-10). Rats were placed in plastic cages Background/aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) and simultaneous application of resveratrol on bone healing histomorphometrically and to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on negative effects of CS.Materials and methods: For 4 weeks, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to cigarette smoke at the equivalent of 6 cigarettes per day. After this period, monocortical defects were created in femurs by a trephine bur on day 28. Starting from the day of defect creation to the 28th postoperative day, rats were given 20 mg/kg body weight resveratrol. Histomorphometric examination of the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as new bone area, was conducted.Results: Investigations were carried out on 33 rats. Differences between osteoblast numbers in the control and CS groups were significant, and CS caused a reduction in the number of os...