Effects of Chitooligosaccharide Lactate Salt on Sleep Deprivation-Induced Fatigue in Mice

Abstract

Fatigue is defined as difficulty in initiating or sustaining voluntary activity.1) Despite the prevalence of fatigue in developed countries, the pathophysiology and etiology of fatigue are unknown. Several underlying mechanisms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have been suggested: for example, allergic and psychological factors, 2) heavy exercise, viral infection, 3) muscle damage, 4,5) CNS disorders and immunological factors.6) Recent studies have demonstrated that energy metabolism is involved in the pathophysiology of fatigue. 7) At the biochemical level, fatigue is represented as the depletion of metabolic energy available to the cells that perform a myriad of functions vital to the survival of an organism.7) Metabolic energy is generated in the form of ATP through oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria. During energy generation, however, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced which have the potential to cause mitochondrial damage. The accumulation of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ROS is proposed as "the mitochondrial theory of aging." 8) In addition, in CFS, impairment of mitochondrial function is frequently observed as represented by reduced oxidative metabolism, 9) increased anaerobic metabolism and subsequently increased lactate production.10,11) Mitochondrial abnormalities and degeneration are also frequently found in patients with CFS,12) reflecting the crucial role of mitochondria in the development of fatigue syndrome. In line with this, a wide variety of natural health products are used or are being developed to replenish the production of cellular energy in the mitochondria. 13)Chitooligosaccharides (COS) is an oligosaccharide made from chitin or chitosan by chemical or enzymatic decomposition.14,15) COS has attracted huge attention as a new biomedical material owing to its water-soluble character and versa- COS is also used as a health food for the treatment of fatigue. It has been suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of COS is related to its improvement of peripheral circulation, anti-oxidation, immunomodulation and nutritional effects. However, the exact mechanism underlying the anti-fatigue effect of COS remains to be elucidated. Sleep disturbance causes excessive energy consumption which leads to daytime fatigue and mental enervation. 26,27) Sleep deprivation increases the levels of the stress hormone cortisol, 28) and elevated cortisol levels induce the development of depression. 29) Researchers from the Karolinska Institute recently reported that decreased production of ATP in mitochondria may aggravate depressive disorders through the induction of high levels of somatization (physical symptoms). 30)In this study, we investigated the effect of COS in a sleep deprivation-induced fatigue model 31) in an effort to explore the utility of COS as a novel functional food with anti-fatigue effects, and examined its efficacy in terms of mitochondrial function and antioxidant activities. We discovered that COS lactate markedly decreased the severity of fatigue, as demonstrated by the d...

Effect of dietary chitosan on growth performance, haematology, immune response, intestine morphology, intestine microbiota and disease resistance in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

“…It suggested that both the oxidation and antioxidant could be accelerated by chitosan (Cho et al . ) and could protect the organism against the bacteria invasions and prevent the lipid peroxidation.…”

Chitooligosaccharide Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Increases Exercise Endurance through the Activation of Sirt1 and AMPK in Rats

“…In a previous study, we demonstrated that COS is able to improve mitochondrial function and improve resistance to fatigue [14]. To be sure that the COS-mediated improvement of mitochondrial function accompanies increased mitochondrial content and enhanced exercise endurance, we administered COS to rats.…”

“…Therefore, the maintenance of mitochondrial function plays an essential role in sustaining a healthy life. Previously we demonstrated that COS is able to improve mitochondrial function and resistance to fatigue in mice [14]. In this study, we analyzed the composition of COS and identified the molecular mechanism of COS-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis.…”

“…COS exhibits a number of favorable effects including an antimicrobial/antibacterial effect, an anticancer effect, a differentiation-promoting effect, and a wound-healing effect [6]–[13]. Recently COS was suggested to exert a fatigue-reducing effect through the improvement of mitochondrial function and augmentation of mitochondrial biogenesis [14]. However, the underlying mechanism of COS-mediated enhancement of mitochondrial function remains unclear.…”

Modulation of lipid metabolism by mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide through pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity in a rat model

“…Several recent studies have identified various health benefits of COS. For example, COS has shown to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities and to enhance immune function [8,9]. In addition, it restores healthy blood pressure, reduces cholesterol, and prevents alcoholic liver disease [10]. Especially, COS has also been shown to reduce the triglyceride level in obese diabetic mice [11,12].…”