Modulation of lipid metabolism by mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide through pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity in a rat model

Abstract

Overweight and obesity are usually related with high fat and calorie intake, and seriously causative of lifestyle-related diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, arteriosclerosis, and colon cancer. In this study, we propose a novel dietary therapy against overweight and obesity using mixtures of protamine and chitooligosaccharide (COS), which are known to interrupt the lipid metabolism in the body. Protamine is a dietary protein originated from salmon reproductive organ, and COS is an oligosaccharide made from chitin or chitosan by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. In the enzyme activity analysis in vitro, protamine and COS strongly suppressed the activity of pancreatic lipase, which is the primary enzyme for the digestion and absorption of lipids in the intestine. In in vivo animal test, the mixtures of protamine and COS significantly reduced the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) and inhibited the accumulation of lipids in liver tissue of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed high fat diets. On the other hand, they increased fecal TG and T-CHO contents. From these alterations in lipid metabolism, we verified that protamine and COS mixtures could effectively interrupt the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids in the body by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. In addition, protamine and COS mixtures increased the serum level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC), responsible for removing cholesterol from cells and protecting atherosclerosis, and therefore decreased the potential risks of cardiovascular diseases by lowering values of the atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF). Taken together, we suggest protamine and COS mixtures as a prominent dietary therapy for the prevention of overweight, obesity, and further cardiovascular diseases related with hyperlipidemia.

Nutritional Factors Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Poultry: A Review

“…Chitooligosaccharide lowered body fat deposition by reducing lipid uptake via the suppression of the enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase (Kang et al, 2012). …”

Effects of chitosan-oligosaccharides on growth performance, digestive enzyme and intestinal bacterial flora of tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripesTemminck et Schlegel, 1850)

“…Chitosan oligosaccharides are more active and have more physiological functions than chitosan because of their lower molecular weight and their ready solubility in water (Huang, ; Kim & Rajapakse, ). Some studies of COS have already been conducted in mice (Cho et al., ; Kang et al., ; Okamoto et al., ), pigs (Wang, Yoo, Kim, & Kim, ; Yan & Kim, ) and broilers (Huang et al., ; Keser, Bilal, Kutay, Abas, & Eseceli, ; Zhou et al., ), and beneficial effects on growth performance, immunity, and blood profiles have also been reported. Among aquatic animals, COS have been reported to affect growth performance and immunity in Trachinotus ovatus (Lin, Mao, Guan, Lin, & Luo, ), Cyprinus carpio (Lin, Mao, Guan, Lin, Luo, Pan, ), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Luo et al., ), Orechromis niloticus (Qin, Hairui et al., ; Qin, Zhang et al., ), and Penaeus mondon (Niu et al., ).…”

Effects of microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acid oil on body weight and lipid accumulation in the liver of C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet

“…Although omega-3 oil slightly reduced the blood levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, there were no significant changes relative to the control. Serum lipid levels can be employed to calculate the atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF), which are useful to forecast the potential risks of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases [ 32 ] . However, we did not provide these indexes in the present study due to lack of an obvious distinction between serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol.…”