Effects of cell phone radiation on the levels of T3, T4 and TSH, and histological changes in thyroid gland in rats treated with Allium sativum extract

Abstract

Recent increase of hormonal disorders in human may be correlated to the increased exposure to electromagnetic fields produced by various instruments, including cell phones. Because of its position in the body, thyroid gland is one of the organs most likely to be exposed to cell phone radiation. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of cell phone radiation along with the protective effects of garlic on pituitary thyroid hormones and histology of thyroid gland in rats. Five groups of rats were used: control, sham (exposed to 900 MHz wavelength), experimental 1 (receiving garlic extract), and experimental 2 and 3 (receiving both extract and microwaves). After a month, rats were weighed and serum levels of TSH, T4 and T3 were measured using ELISA kits. Thyroid glands were also removed and their probable histological changes were studied. The mean body weight in the sham group showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group, whereas, an increase was seen in the experimental group 3 compared with sham (P<0.05). In addition, the concentrations of T 4 and T 3 hormones were lowered while TSH increased significantly in all groups compared to the control. Furthermore, histological examination of thyroid revealed a reduction in the number of cubic cells and disorder among them, as well as a reduction in the amount of follicular fluid and follicular diameter in groups exposed to radiation and received garlic extract. Although, microwaves can cause weight lost, presence of allicin and vitamins A and B in garlic can compensate some of this weight lost. In addition, both microwaves and garlic extract have a considerable effect on thyroid gland, reflected both in its secretion and in its morphology. These changes might be attributed to induction of heat and non-specific stresses, alterations of cortisol level, production of ROS and activities of various enzymes. However, some of these overlapping effects are synergistic and others are antagonistic, and thus, garlic consumption is not always beneficial in reducing deleterious effects of cell phones.

An Exploration of the Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted by Mobile Phones and Extremely Low Frequency Radiation on Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid Gland Histopathology

“…The study divided laboratory rats into groups, including a control group and a group exposed to 900 MHz. T4 and T3 hormones decreased one month later, but TSH increased significantly in all groups compared to controls, indicating a hypothyroid state [18]. Moreover, garlic consumption did not show a significant reduction in the adverse effects of cell phones on the thyroid gland [18].…”

“…There was a reduced number of cuboidal cells, in addition to a reduced follicular colloidal fluid and follicular diameter [18]. Despite the histopathological findings of hyperstimulated thyroid follicles, T3 and T4 levels were low in the serum [18]. These findings indicate a disruption of the proper functioning of the thyroid follicular cells by RFR, leading to apoptosis and cell number reduction.…”

“…This study determined that exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency EMF can inhibit the function of the HPT axis in animals and lead to a hypothyroid state during embryogenesis [17]. Moreover, Hajioun et al (2014) aimed to test the deleterious effects of mobile phone radiation together with the protective effects of garlic on the pituitary-thyroid hormones [18]. The study divided laboratory rats into groups, including a control group and a group exposed to 900 MHz.…”

“…All these findings indicate hyperstimulation of the thyroid gland upon exposure to RFR; smaller follicular sizes indicate that the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones occur rapidly to meet the increased demands of the stimulated thyroid gland [26,27]. Hajioun et al (2014) exposed rats to 900 MHz for one month and observed the histopathological changes in the thyroid gland. There was a reduced number of cuboidal cells, in addition to a reduced follicular colloidal fluid and follicular diameter [18].…”

“…Hajioun et al (2014) exposed rats to 900 MHz for one month and observed the histopathological changes in the thyroid gland. There was a reduced number of cuboidal cells, in addition to a reduced follicular colloidal fluid and follicular diameter [18]. Despite the histopathological findings of hyperstimulated thyroid follicles, T3 and T4 levels were low in the serum [18].…”