Effects of Carrying a Backpack in an Asymmetrical Manner on the Asymmetries of the Trunk and Parameters Defining Lateral Flexion of the Spine

Drzał–Grabiec, Justyna; Snela, Sławomir; Rachwał, Maciej; Podgórska, Justyna; Rykała, Justyna

doi:10.1177/0018720814546531

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Regarding method of carrying school bag, the present study showed that carrying school bag on one shoulder or by one hand increases the risk of suffering from back pain by about four times than students' carrying school bags on both shoulders. This finding was in accordance with the findings from review studies that showed carrying school bag on one shoulder, or by one hand causes asymmetry in muscle activity and encourages lateral spinal bending and might lead to changes in shoulder level and development of shoulder, neck and lower back pain even if the bag weight constitutes 10% of the child's weight [45,47]. Similarly, a study conducted among Egyptian school girls aged from 6-14 years and found that way of carriage bag had associated with girls back pain.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

School Bag Usage, Postural and Behavioral Habits and Its Effect on Back Pain Occurrence Among School Children

El-Nagar¹

2017

AJNS

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Abstract:Back pain is currently growing as a major health problem among school age group children, which can limit or hinder their daily life activities. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of school bag use, postural and behaviors habits on back pain occurrence among school children. Descriptive correlation design was used. This study was conducted at ten governmental preparatory schools from both rural and urban schools in Menouf district, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Random sample of 598 preparatory school children including 239 boys and 359 girls aged between 12-15 years of both rural and urban selected schools. Tools: Self-administered structured questionnaire, back pain assessment questionnaire, back pain & body posture evaluation instrument, behavioral habits questionnaire, school bag use questionnaire, and physiological measurements. The main results showed that 74.1% of the studied schoolchildren had suffered from back pain. Female students had significant risk of suffering from back pain by five times than male students. Among school children with back pain, 51.3% had reported moderate pain, the most affected area by pain was shoulder and about one fourth (24.4%) reported that the pain prevented them from performing daily activities. The mean weight of schoolbag carried by all school children was 7.46+ 2. 62 kg and the mean school bag weight as % of body weight was 14.36% ± 4.22. There was significant relationship between back pain and school bag weight, % of body weight, method and duration of carriage. Also, there was a significant relationship between back pain and improper sitting posture for writing, using computer, and sitting in classroom. The study was concluded that back pain among studied school children was high and the pain influences activities of daily life in about one fourth of students. Most of school children carry school bags more than the recommended weights of their body weight. It was associated with sex, parents' history of back pain, duration of sedentary activities, improper posture adopted in performing daily activities, weight of schoolbag, method & duration of carrying schoolbag. Recommendations: The need for developing and implementing of preventative programs in schools about proper postures during daily activities and guidelines for school bag usage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

School Bag Usage, Postural and Behavioral Habits and Its Effect on Back Pain Occurrence Among School Children

El-Nagar¹

2017

AJNS

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“…The collected ideas were gathered in an experience board using materials and photos, as a first move towards material expressions [3]. The main discoveries during these sessions: that backpacks often slide and are displaced due to human motion, and that an asymmetrical distribution of the weight often leads to pain, correlate with [6]. Over the course of the study we developed two prototypes, which we evaluated through walking and hiking.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over time, a hiker's pack can easily go out of alignment. According to a prior study, asymmetrical or misaligned backpacks are a significant cause of back pain [6]-an issue for novice hikers who cannot recognise shifts in their pack's alignment. We present Sensepack, a prototype wearable sensor that sits inbetween the body and the backpack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensepack

Biedermann

Aleksejeva

Mikkonen

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

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Backpacks are often heavy and can be a significant cause of pain. To avoid pain, they must be worn in a certain way and readjusted when they move. Yet, recognising when to adjust a backpack is not selfevident. It is an evolving embodied process-a subtle, negotiation between body and pack. We present Sensepack, a wearable that sits in-between a backpacker's body and their pack. Sensepack supports novice backpackers to learn to recognise and sense backpack displacement. It monitors shifts in weight distribution, using four textile-sensors to determine imbalances and provides tactile, real-time feedback. We evaluated Sensepack through user testing-indoors on stairs, and in the field. Our preliminary findings suggest that Sensepack may be useful for learning to identify shifts in backpack weight that can cause long-term stress on the body.

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“…W Polsce donoszono już o zbyt ciężkich tornistrach uczniów w szkołach podstawowych [3,[15][16][17]. Rozwiązaniem tego problemu miała być zmiana legislacyjna nakazująca udostępnienie uczniom szafek na terenie szkoły.…”

Section: Wstępunclassified

“…Sytuacja dzieci wczesnoszkolnych w Polsce wymaga wprowadzenia natychmiastowych działań regulujących zasady obciążenia tornistrami. Wyniki tego badania pokazują, że 25% uczniów nosi tornistry cięższe niż 15% m.c., [3,[15][16][17]. W 2016 r. przeprowadzono ogólnopolskie badanie 114 000 uczniów z 388 szkół podstawowych i 340 gimnazjów [20].…”

Section: Omówienieunclassified

Do the requirements included in the regulation on health and safety at school effectively prevent children from carrying too heavy schoolbags?

Malinowska-Borowska

Flajszok

2020

Med Pr

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Wstęp: Nadmierne obciążenie kręgosłupa tornistrem ma duży wpływ na postawę ciała dziecka. Zgodnie z zaleceniem Głównego Inspektora Sanitarnego (GIS) stosunek masy tornistra do masy ciała (m.c.) dziecka nie powinien być większy niż 10-15% m.c. dziecka. Celem tej pracy była ocena obciążenia dzieci w wieku 6-9 lat tornistrami i skontrolowanie, czy spełniało ono zalecenie wyrażone jako procent masy ciała dziecka. Sprawdzano także masę przyborów szkolnych w plecakach. Dodatkowo analizowano spostrzeżenia rodziców dotyczące tornistrów oraz wykorzystywania dodatkowych miejsc do przechowywania (szafek) przez dzieci. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 332 dzieci w wieku od 6 do 9 lat (172 dziewczynki, 160 chłopców) uczęszczających do wybranych szkół na terenie miasta w województwie śląskim. Wykonano pomiary masy tornistrów i odniesiono wyniki do masy ciała uczniów. W przypadku 2 prób niezależnych o rozkładzie odbiegającym od rozkładu normalnego (test Shapiro-Wilka) zastosowano test U Manna-Whitneya. Test Kruskala-Wallisa wykorzystano do porównania wielu prób niezależnych. Za poziom istotności statystycznej przyjęto p = 0,05. Wyniki: Średnia masa tornistra wynosiła 3,57±0,58 kg. Masa tornistra u 75% uczniów nie przekraczała 15% ich m.c.-zaledwie u 17% badanych była niższa niż 10% m.c. Najcięższe tornistry były noszone przez uczniów klasy I. Dziewczynki miały istotnie cięższe tornistry w porównaniu z tornistrami chłopców (p = 0,037). Dzieci korzystające z osobistych szafek szkolnych nosiły cięższe tornistry niż uczniowie, którzy zostawiali zbędne przedmioty na półkach przeznaczonych dla całej klasy (p = 0,006). Wnioski: Ciężkie tornistry to nadal poważny problem i wyzwanie dla decydentów zdrowia publicznego pomimo uregulowania prawnego, które nakazuje szkołom udostępnienie dzieciom miejsca na pozostawianie książek w szkole. Obowiązujące przepisy nie zapewniają bezpieczeństwa dzieci w tym aspekcie. Wskazane jest podjęcie kroków w celu wyznaczenia bezwzględnej normy, do której szkoły i uczniowie będą zobowiązani się dostosować. Med. Pr. 2020;71(6)

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Effects of Carrying a Backpack in an Asymmetrical Manner on the Asymmetries of the Trunk and Parameters Defining Lateral Flexion of the Spine

Abstract: We suggest that the issue of safe backpack weight be reassessed and that students be taught basic ergonomic principles on how to carry loads. Changes to the management pattern of carrying textbooks to and from school also should be considered.

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

School Bag Usage, Postural and Behavioral Habits and Its Effect on Back Pain Occurrence Among School Children

School Bag Usage, Postural and Behavioral Habits and Its Effect on Back Pain Occurrence Among School Children

Sensepack

Do the requirements included in the regulation on health and safety at school effectively prevent children from carrying too heavy schoolbags?

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