Effects of Cardiovascular, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiovascular, Performance and Blood Redox Parameters in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: An 8-Month Training-Detraining Randomized Intervention

Abstract

It is well-documented that chronic/regular exercise improves the cardiovascular function, decreases oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant capacity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the chronic effects of different types of training and detraining on cardiovascular function and the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of cardiovascular, resistance and combined exercise training followed by a three-month detraining period, on cardiovascular function, physical performance and blood redox status parameters in CAD patients. Sixty coronary artery disease patients were randomly assigned to either a cardiovascular training (CVT, N = 15), resistance training (RT, N = 11), combined cardiovascular and resistance training (CT, N = 16) or a control (C, N = 15) group. The training groups participated in an 8-month supervised training program (training three days/week) followed by a 3-month detraining period, while the control group participated only in measurements. Body composition, blood pressure, performance-related variables (aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility) and blood redox status-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (PC)) were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training as well as following 1, 2 and 3 months of detraining (DT). CVT induced the most remarkable and pronounced alterations in blood pressure (~9% reduction in systolic blood pressure and ~5% in diastolic blood pressure) and redox status since it had a positive effect on all redox-related variables (ranging from 16 to 137%). RT and CT training affected positively some of the assessed (TAC, CAT and PC) redox-related variables. Performance-related variables retained the positive response of the training, whereas most of the redox status parameters, for all training groups, restored near to the pre-exercise values at the end of the DT period. These results indicate that exercise training has a significant effect on redox status of CAD. Three months of detraining is enough to abolish the exercise-induced beneficial effects on redox status, indicating that for a better antioxidant status, exercise must be a lifetime commitment.

Three-Month vs. One-Year Detraining Effects after Multicomponent Exercise Program in Hypertensive Older Women

“…Sobrinho et al [ 20 ] showed only 14 weeks of an METP combined with flexibility training is enough to promote increases in the flexibility of inactive older women and improvements in blood pressure. The hemodynamic and lipid profiles improved after the METP and were in line with the results of studies ( Table 3 ) [ 17 , 18 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] that concluded that exercise helps older women regulate their blood pressure, triglycerides and total cholesterol, such as a study by Tofas et al [ 38 ] that reported significant improvements in SBP and DBP after 8 months of resistance training.…”

Rehabilitation effects of circuit resistance training in coronary heart disease patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Unfortunately, we were unable to contact the relevant units or authors for relevant data. Finally, nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on the rehabilitation effect of circuit resistance training were used in the meta‐analysis 7,11–18 . And those in the intervention groups were trained by circuit resistance training, while those in the control groups were trained by aerobic training.…”

“…Finally, nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on the rehabilitation effect of circuit resistance training were used in the meta-analysis. 7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] And those in the intervention groups were trained by circuit resistance training, while those in the control groups were trained by aerobic training. We outlined the retrieval strategy in Figure 1.…”

The Impact of Exercise on Redox Equilibrium in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…CVDs are commonly characterized by glucose metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammation, whilst PA is known to improve redox status, insulin sensitivity and endothelial function [ 100 ]. The effects of PA on oxidant–antioxidant equilibrium can be ambiguous and depend on the duration and intensity of exercise; however, in general, they are positive [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 ] ( Table 1 ). Physical exercise of different intensities (usually of moderate or of low intensity, and long term) is already widely recommended as an aid in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.…”

“…In all patients (all training groups), a statistically significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure was also observed, whereas the diastolic blood pressure decreased in the aerobic and anaerobic groups compared to the control individuals (health and anthropometric measures similar to the non-training patients in the study period; n = 15, 64 ± 8 years). Interestingly, most of the redox status parameters restored in all the CAD subjects close to the pre-exercise values at the end of the 3-month detraining period that was followed immediately by an 8-month training session [ 104 ]. The examination of 94 patients (60 males and 34 females, 68.0 ± 14.5 years) hospitalized due to acute heart failure and subjected to an exercise test proved, however, that ROS generation in response to physical effort increases the number of cardiac events.…”