Effects of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Saliva Substitutes with Varying Degrees of Saturation with Respect to Calcium Phosphates on Artificial Enamel Lesions

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of experimental saliva substitutes based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) differing in degrees of saturation with respect to calcium phosphates on the mineral loss of enamel in vitro. Demineralized bovine specimens (subsurface lesions) were exposed to one of six experimental CMC-based solutions with theoretical degrees of saturation with respect to octacalcium phosphate (S_OCP) of S0, S0.5, S1, S2, S4, and S8 for 10 weeks. A previously studied saliva substitute (Glandosane) and two aqueous solutions (C0 and C1) served as controls. Mineral losses and lesion depths before and after storage were evaluated from microradiographs. Free and bound calcium as well as phosphate and fluoride concentrations were determined. According to these measurements, S_OCP of S2, S4, and S8 was 0.3, 1.1, and 3.4, respectively. Storage in Glandosane and both negative controls resulted in significant demineralization (p < 0.05). Only S2 significantly remineralized the specimens (p < 0.05). All other solutions showed neutral effects. No significant differences in mineralization between S0 and C0 as well as between S1 and C1 could be observed (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that a CMC-based solution actually unsaturated with respect to octacalcium phosphate (S2) shows most pronounced remineralization capability under the conditions chosen. This might be explained by a more favorable balance between calcium bound to CMC in an adsorbed layer at the enamel-liquid interface and heterogeneous nucleation of calcium phosphates within a solution compared to solutions either supersaturated or having lower levels of saturation.

The presence of acquired enamel pellicle changes acid-induced erosion from dissolution to a softening process

“…These are electrolytes with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 28 , 30 , electrolytes with mucin 25 , 47 or electrolyte only 31 . Some of these formulations have been found to yield a remineralising effect to eroded enamel 28 , 31 , 48 , 49 whereas other studies suggest that AS formulations may be detrimental for the remineralisation process and can significantly increase the progression rate of the erosive tooth wear lesion 20 , 25 , 50 .…”

Effect of sodium fluoride and stannous chloride associated with Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the progression of enamel erosion

“…In this investigation, it was chosen to add the active ingredients in a gel formulation, in order to simulate an in-office product; nevertheless, in previous investigations, the fluoride and stannous chloride were used as solutions. It can be speculated that the viscosity of the gel somewhat jeopardized the mobility of Sn ions, thereby reducing its interaction with the enamel surface [36]. Alternatively, the positively charged Sn ions might have established a bond with the carboxymethyl cellulose, the anionic molecule used as a thickening agent in the gels, also reducing Sn availability.…”

Calcium Phosphate−Gelatin Nanocomposites: Bulk Preparation (Shape- and Phase-Control), Characterization, and Application as Dentine Repair Material

“…Many research groups have been trying to develop an artificial calcium phosphate biomaterial for hard tissue repair using biomimetic processes. , Thereby, precipitation reactions and double diffusion techniques were widely used. Collagen, as the natural organic matrix in dentine and bone, is often replaced by its denaturated form (gelatin), because of lower costs, commercial availability, solubility in aqueous systems, and the well-defined physical and chemical properties .…”