Effects of Calcium on the Lytic Cycle of Bacillus subtilis Phage 41c

Landry, E F; Zsigray, Robert M.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-51-1-125

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Plating efficiencies depend not only on the particular host used but also on the composition of the growth medium. Several steps in the growth cycle of phages 41c and SF6 have been reported to be calcium-dependent (Landry & Zsigray, 1980;Steensma & Blok, 1979). In addition to this cation requirement, infection by 41 c was shown to be DNase-sensitive, a feature not described for any other B. subtilis phage (Zsigray et al, 1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Homology between Phages SPP1, 41c, 22a, 15 and SF6 of Bacillus subtilis

Santos

Lencastre

Archer

1984

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYBacteriophages SPP 1, 4 lc, 22a, p 15 and SF6 of Bacillus subtilis share a common and specific host receptor site for adsorption. Experiments described here have established the relatedness between these phages. They were indistinguishable on the basis of hostrange, plating efficiency, various growth parameters and serological properties. In addition, they shared the ability to carry out generalized transduction. They could be differentiated, however, by the restriction patterns of their DNAs, with the exception of 41c and 22a, which seemed to be identical. Recombination between 41c and SPP1 was demonstrated by transfection with mixed digests of their DNAs.A mutation conferring resistance to infection by bacteriophage SPP1 (pha-2) was recently mapped in the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis 168 (Santos et al., 1983). Out often other bacteriophages tested, only 41c, 22a, pl 5 and SF6 failed to infect pha-2 strains. Although these phages share some morphological characteristics with SPP 1, until now no evidence has been presented as to their possible relatedness. In order to clarify the specificity of the pha-2 mutation, a comparative study of these five phages was undertaken. SP01, a phage unrelated to SPP1 (Hemphill & Whiteley, 1975), was included as a control.Bacterial strains used are listed in (Okubo et al., 1964) were propagated on B. subtilis 168T + as described previously (Santos et al., 1983).Lysates were treated with 100 gg/ml DNase I at 37 °C for 30 min, before use in transduction experiments.M broth and M soft agar (Santos et al., 1983) were used for growth of bacteria, preparation of phage lysates and plating. SPP1, 41c, 22a, p15 and SF6 exhibit the same plaque morphology. They all form large, clear plaques, sometimes surrounded by a turbid halo, when plated on an appropriate strain. The Origin/reference

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confidence: 99%

Homology between Phages SPP1, 41c, 22a, 15 and SF6 of Bacillus subtilis

Santos

Lencastre

Archer

1984

Journal of General Virology

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“…The activation of lytic cycles by the addition of Ca 2+ has been reported for many phages (Rountree ; Landry and Zsigray ; Bandara et al . ; Chhibber et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Characterization of a novel bacteriophage, Phda1, infecting the histamine-producing Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

2015

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“…Lactobacillus and other lactic acid-producing bacterial strains, that a Ca2+-dependent step(s) is frequently involved in the infection cycle (Potter & Nelson, 1953;Sozzi, 1972;Watanabe & Takesue, 1972;Steensma & Blok, 1979;Landry & Zsigray, 1980). This holds true also in the case of the Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage LL-H. Of 10 different divalent cations screened, only Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were capable of significantly promoting the infectivity of LL-H.…”

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confidence: 76%

Effect of Cadmium on the Infection of Lactobacillus lactis by Bacteriophage LL-H

Alatossava¹,

Juvonen

Huhtinen

1983

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe infectivity of Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage LL-H was shown to be calciumdependent. Of 10 different divalent cations screened, cadmium specifically decreased the infectivity of LL-H in the presence of calcium. At 1 to 2 mM, CdClz resulted in a decrease of the burst size of about 2.5-to 4-fold. Cd z+ was shown to reduce specifically the level of total phage DNA synthesis, resulting in a reduced progeny phage yield. Moreover, Cd 2+ had the most profound irreversible effect on progeny phage production between 20 and 60 rain after LL-H infection. This paralleled the beginning of phage DNA synthesis. Possible modes of action of Cd z+ on phage DNA replication are discussed.It is well documented, especially among bacteriophages active against Bacillus or Lactobacillus and other lactic acid-producing bacterial strains, that a Ca2+-dependent step(s) is frequently involved in the infection cycle (Potter & Nelson, 1953;Sozzi, 1972;Watanabe & Takesue, 1972;Steensma & Blok, 1979;Landry & Zsigray, 1980). This holds true also in the case of the Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage LL-H. Of 10 different divalent cations screened, only Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were capable of significantly promoting the infectivity of LL-H. Moreover, among these cations, cadmium was unique in being able to decrease the infectivity of LL-H in the presence of Ca 2+. The basis of this special effect of Cd 2+ on LL-H multiplication is investigated in this communication.Procedures for the growth of L. lactis and phage LL-H have been reported previously (Alatossava & Pyhtil/i, 1980). All plating experiments were carried out by the agar overlay technique described by Adams (1959). Soft and hard agar contained the same concentrations of divalent cations and chloramphenicol (Boehringer Mannheim) used as supplements in MRS medium (Difco). Standard procedures were used for one-step growth curve and burst size experiments.To reveal the roles of various elements on phage LL-H infectivity, the following cations were considered: Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Ba z+, Sr 2+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Fe 2+, Hg 2+, Cd 2+, and in addition spermine. Of these, only Ca 2+ in particular and Mg 2+ were able to increase the efficiency of plating of LL-H. The optimal concentrations for Ca 2+ and Mg z+ were between 20 and 40 mM. Supplementing MRS medium with 20 mM-CaC12 did not affect the rate of growth or DNA and protein syntheses of the host, L. lactis (results not shown). Of the cations studied, cadmium was the only one able to decrease the infectivity of LL-H in the presence of Ca 2+.To determine the Cd2+-sensitive step or steps in the lytic cycle of LL-H, the phage adsorption kinetics was first studied by determining the proportion of free phage in samples using Nuclepore membrane filters (pore size 0.4 lam). These filtration experiments showed that Cd 2+ did not inhibit phage infection at this step nor did LL-H adsorb to the Nuclepore filter. Accordingly, the CdZ+-sensitive step(s) must occur after the phage had adsorbed. Analysis of phage LL-H DNA replication showed this...

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Effects of Calcium on the Lytic Cycle of Bacillus subtilis Phage 41c

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Homology between Phages SPP1, 41c, 22a, 15 and SF6 of Bacillus subtilis

Homology between Phages SPP1, 41c, 22a, 15 and SF6 of Bacillus subtilis

Characterization of a novel bacteriophage, Phda1, infecting the histamine-producing Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

Effect of Cadmium on the Infection of Lactobacillus lactis by Bacteriophage LL-H

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