Effects of Breakfast and Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cardiovascular Functioning

Smith, Andrew Paul; Kendrick, Anna; Maben, Andrea; Salmon, Jenny

doi:10.1006/appe.1994.1004

Cited by 163 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…However, evidence in support of this belief is equivocal (Smith et al 1994b). In an editorial review of the oft-cited Iowa breakfast studies of Tuttle and colleagues in the 1950s (Anonymous, 1957), it was concluded that '…there is a considerable degree of variation between individuals in their physiologic and, no doubt, emotional response to breakfast'.…”

Section: Effects Of Breakfast In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Gibson

Green

2002

NRR

118

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The impact of nutritional variation, within populations not overtly malnourished, on cognitive function and arousal is considered. The emphasis is on susceptibility to acute effects of meals and glucose loads, and chronic effects of dieting, on mental performance, and effects of cholesterol and vitamin levels on cognitive impairment. New developments in understanding dietary influences on neurohormonal systems, and their implications for cognition and affect, allow reinterpretation of both earlier and recent findings. Evidence for a detrimental effect of omitting a meal on cognitive performance remains equivocal: from the outset, idiosyncrasy has prevailed. Yet, for young and nutritionally vulnerable children, breakfast is more likely to benefit than hinder performance. For nutrient composition, despite inconsistencies, some cautious predictions can be made. Acutely, carbohydrate-rich-protein-poor meals can be sedating and anxiolytic; by comparison, protein-rich meals may be arousing, improving reaction time but also increasing unfocused vigilance. Fat-rich meals can lead to a decline in alertness, especially where they differ from habitual fat intake. These acute effects may vary with time of day and nutritional status. Chronically, protein-rich diets have been associated with decreased positive and increased negative affect relative to carbohydrate-rich diets. Probable mechanisms include diet-induced changes in monoamine, especially serotoninergic neurotransmitter activity, and functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Effects are interpreted in the context of individual traits and susceptibility to challenging, even stressful, tests of performance. Preoccupation with dieting may impair cognition by interfering with working memory capacity, independently of nutritional status. The change in cognitive performance after administration of glucose, and other foods, may depend on the level of sympathetic activation, glucocorticoid secretion, and pancreatic ␤-cell function, rather than simple fuelling

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Section: Effects Of Breakfast In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though Smith et al (1994bSmith et al ( , 1999a included caffeine and no-caffeine groups, any effects of breakfast or its absence in the no-caffeine group may be confounded by caffeine withdrawal. Indeed, withdrawal would have been the situation at baseline for many subjects irrespective of group.…”

Section: Effects Of Breakfast In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Gibson

Green

2002

NRR

118

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“…Consumption of breakfast has traditionally been linked to a range of positive outcomes, especially related to cognitive performance and improved nutrient intake patterns (Vaisman et al, 1996;Pollitt et al, 1981;Smith et al, 1994;Nicklas et al, 1998;Pollitt & Mathews, 1998). Having breakfast is also a healthy habit with beneficial effects on physical health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family resemblance in breakfast energy intake: the Stanislas Family Study

et al. 2002

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Background: There seems to be a consensus that family influences on dietary habits are important. However, no data relative to breakfast have been published yet. Objective: To investigate whether and how breakfast energy intake aggregates within French families. Design: A total of 398 families of the Stanislas Family Study who filled in a 3 day food consumption diary were selected. Absolute and relative breakfast energy intakes (BEI in kcal=day and RBEI in percentage of daily intake, respectively) were both studied. Results: By using a variance component analysis, no genetic influence was shown in family aggregation of both BEI and RBEI. Intra-generation common environmental contribution to total phenotypic variance of BEI and RBEI was higher than intergeneration; both were increased with frequency of sharing breakfast. Furthermore frequency of sharing breakfast contributed to increase family resemblance in breakfast energy intake, particularly in offspring for BEI and RBEI, and in spouses for RBEI. Smoking habits, alcohol consumption, BMI or physical activity were related to family resemblance, but after adjustment on each factor degrees of resemblance were almost unchanged. Conclusion: General findings of this study were that family aggregation in breakfast absolute and relative energy intakes was significant within Stanislas families. Family resemblance depended on inter-and intra-generation components and was modified by the number of shared breakfasts. Our study confirmed that familial habits act on family resemblance in both absolute and relative breakfast energy intakes, so that family should be a favorite unit for health and diet promotion programs.

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“…Laboratory research shows that consumption of an adequate breakfast is linked to short-term improvements in attention (Wesnes et al, 2003), memory (Benton and Sargent, 1992;Smith et al, 1992Smith et al, , 1994Smith et al, , 1999Benton and Parker, 1998;Wesnes et al, 2003), mood (Lloyd et al, 1996;Smith et al, 1994Smith et al, , 1999 and possibly motivation (Benton et al, 2001). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Though, some studies have not found effects on specific attention, memory and mood measures, Cromer et al, 1990;Smith et al, 1994;Benton et al, 2001) These findings are borne out by experimental studies conducted in school settings, which have shown positive effects of breakfast on memory (Vaisman et al, 1996), arithmetic (Powell et al, 1998), verbal fluency (Chandler et al, 1995), physical endurance, creativity (Wyon et al, 1997) and on-task behaviour (Bro et al, 1994). In a review of this literature, Pollitt (1995) concluded that breakfast consumption consistently improves the cognitive performance of undernourished children and, in the United States and Great Britain, also has cognitive benefits for well-nourished children.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a scale to measure 9–11-year-olds' attitudes towards breakfast

et al. 2007

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Objective: Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure children's attitudes towards breakfast. Design: A pilot study was used to select questionnaire items and assess test-retest reliability. The questionnaire was then administered to a larger sample of children together with a dietary recall questionnaire. Randomly selected subsets of these children also completed a dietary recall interview or their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire relating to their child's breakfast eating habits. Setting: Primary schools in south, west and north Wales, UK. Subjects: A total of 2495 children (199 in pilot testing, 2382 in the main study) in years 5 and 6 (aged 9-11 years). Results: The 13-item scale showed good construct validity, high internal reliability and acceptable test-retest reliability. Boys displayed more positive attitudes towards breakfast than girls but differences between the two age groups did not reach statistical significance. Children who did not skip breakfast displayed more positive attitudes than children who skipped breakfast. In addition, more positive attitudes towards breakfast were significantly correlated with consumption of a greater number of 'healthy' foods for breakfast (i.e., fruit, bread, cereal, milk products), consumption of fewer 'unhealthy' foods for breakfast (i.e., sweet items, crisps) and parental perceptions that their child usually ate a healthy breakfast. Conclusions: The breakfast attitudes questionnaire is a robust measure that is relatively quick to administer and simple to score. These qualities make it ideal for use where validity at the individual level is important or where more time-consuming dietary measures are not feasible. Development of a scale to measure 9-11-year-olds' attitudes towards breakfast Breakfast consumption is associated with a range of benefits. Laboratory research shows that consumption of an adequate breakfast is linked to short-term improvements in attention (Wesnes et al

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Effects of Breakfast and Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cardiovascular Functioning

Cited by 163 publications

References 0 publications

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility

Family resemblance in breakfast energy intake: the Stanislas Family Study

Development of a scale to measure 9–11-year-olds' attitudes towards breakfast

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