Effects of Boxing Matches on Metabolic, Hormonal, and Inflammatory Parameters in Male Elite Boxers

Abstract

Background and objectives: Boxing is a popular combat sport that requires high intensity and cooperation. However, there are limited data about the influence of boxing matches on blood parameters. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the match-induced changes in the metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory status in male elite boxers. Materials and methods: High-level 20 male boxers with more than 5 years experience in boxing voluntarily participated in this study. Venous blood samples of the boxers, before and after combat, were taken for determination of the plasma parameters. Results: Our results indicated that a 9-min boxing match caused significant increases in plasma energy fuels (glucose and lactate), metabolic hormones (insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and growth hormone), inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), muscle damage indicators (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and oxidative stress marker (SOD). A decrease in total oxidant status (TOS) was also considered. However, there were no significant alterations in the plasma levels of androgenic hormone (free and total testosterone), anabolic hormone (IGF-1), lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), kidney function markers (creatinine and urea), and minerals (iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)). Conclusion: Elevations in the level of energy fuels and metabolic hormones of the boxers could be taken as a reflection of high-energy turnover during combat performance. The increases in inflammatory and tissue damage indicators may possibly be an indication of traumatic injury. Understanding the biochemical changes that occur during boxing match could be valuable to optimize the performance improvement of the athletes.

Optimization of an oral mucosa in vitro model based on cell line TR146

“…[36][37][38] Addition of hydrocortisone alone at a physiological concentration to DMEM media (supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% P/S) improved the barrier upon airlift cultivation significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. 39,40 As further supplement, we tested retinoic acid (RA) in DMEM without serum as RA is often described to enhance the barrier. 41 However, RA did not show any enhancement in our model (supplementary Figure S2).…”

“… 36 - 38 Addition of hydrocortisone alone at a physiological concentration to DMEM media (supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% P/S) improved the barrier upon airlift cultivation significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. 39 , 40 …”

Adolesan erkek sporcularda aerobik ve anaerobik egzersizin biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisi

“…6,19 However, this increase was not significant compared with that in the control group according to some sources [25][26][27] which conclude that exercise does not stimulate urea production. However, some studies 28,29 said that no changes are found in the plasma levels of urea. The present study indicated that urea increase is statistically significant.…”

Peer Review #1 of "Creatinine is a biochemical marker for assessing how untrained people adapt to fitness training loads (v0.2)"

“…These changes also contribute to the reduction of overtraining and adaptation failures (Chernozub, 2018;Spada, et al, 2018;Kistner, et al, 2019;Omassoli, et al, 2019). Studying the features of biochemical control in the process of monitoring the functional state during fitness training, a number of researchers (Futornyi, et al, 2016;Stajer, et al, 2018;Kılıc, et al, 2019) stated that the nature of changes in creatinine concentration clearly reflected the course of adaptation-compensatory responses to physical stimuli in conditions of creatine phosphokinase mechanism of energy supply of intense muscular activity. The obtained results, which at the beginning of the survey showed a decrease in creatinine concentration in blood serum of untrained men of both groups, regardless of the peculiarities of the training load regimes, coincide with the data of experimental studies, used for sprint distance running (200 m, 400 m, 800 m) as training loads (e.g.…”

“…Due to the constant increase in training loads, the body undergoes significant metabolic changes to ensure the necessary level of training. However, long-term functioning of the body in conditions of constant muscular tension without appropriate mechanisms of training load regulation will lead not only to exhaustion of functional body reserves, but also to failure of adaptation (Butova, et al, 2011;Kılıc, et al, 2019;Kistner, et al, 2019). The use of blood biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of athletes' functional state in the course of training activity allows determining the limits of adequacy of training load parameters to the primary level of body adaptation to stress stimuli of the appropriate character at the beginning of studies (Fomin, et al, 2006;Rubio-Arias, et al, 2019).…”