Effects of Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review

Solomon, Keith R.; Carr, James A.; Preez, Louis H. Du; Giesy, John P.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Kraak, Glen J. Van Der

doi:10.1080/10408440802116496

Cited by 243 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…Emerging research indicates that lower concentrations of atrazine can cause more damage to organisms than can higher concentrations (Crews et al 2000;Hayes et al 2002;Storrs & Kiesecker 2004;Propper 2005). While a lot of atrazine research has focused on amphibians and fish, little is known about the effects of atrazine on other wild vertebrates, such as reptiles (Solomon et al 2008;Rohr & McCoy 2010). This is surprising given that many reptile species are highly aquatic, use habitats near agricultural areas, are carnivores or scavengers, and are longlived (Hopkins 2000;Moll & Moll 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Recent reviews have highlighted a need for more information regarding the immunotoxicity of atrazine to turtle in light of the lack of information in reptiles, but notable immunotoxic effects in other aquatic organisms (Rohr & McCoy 2010;Solomon et al 2008). Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate effects of atrazine on the immune system of reptiles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of atrazine on immunocompetence of red-eared slider turtle(Trachemys scripta)

Soltanian

2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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The impact of agrichemicals on aquatic vertebrate species has been a matter of increasing concern to researchers and environmentalist. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of atrazine (ATZ), a worldwide used herbicide, on some immune parameters of red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta). Twentyfour turtles (2 years old) were randomly distributed in four groups. Three groups were intraperitoneally injected once with one of three different doses of atrazine (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 ng/g body mass), while one was maintained as control (saline injected). Blood samples were taken 1-and 2-week post-treatment. A positive correlation was found between atrazine (high dose) concentration and immunosuppressive effects as evidenced by lowered serum complement and lysozyme activities, reduced leucocyte number as well as their phagocytic activity and increased heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. These data demonstrate that turtles with elevated atrazine exposure exhibit immunomodulation. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of atrazine on immunocompetence of red-eared slider turtle(Trachemys scripta)

Soltanian

2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…Since our initial publications (7,9,10), the effects of atrazine on amphibian development and the significance of these effects to amphibian declines have been a subject of debate (30,35,36). Although some investigators, including Carr et al (6), reported statistically significant effects of atrazine on gonadal morphology in X. laevis (P < 0.0003 for multiple testes and P = 0.0042 for hermaphrodites), others, using different experimental conditions and different populations of the same species, suggested that atrazine had no effect (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

Hayes

Khoury

Narayan

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

512

307

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The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world. As a result, atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground, surface, and drinking water. Atrazine is also a potent endocrine disruptor that is active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations. Previous studies showed that atrazine adversely affects amphibian larval development. The present study demonstrates the reproductive consequences of atrazine exposure in adult amphibians. Atrazineexposed males were both demasculinized (chemically castrated) and completely feminized as adults. Ten percent of the exposed genetic males developed into functional females that copulated with unexposed males and produced viable eggs. Atrazineexposed males suffered from depressed testosterone, decreased breeding gland size, demasculinized/feminized laryngeal development, suppressed mating behavior, reduced spermatogenesis, and decreased fertility. These data are consistent with effects of atrazine observed in other vertebrate classes. The present findings exemplify the role that atrazine and other endocrine-disrupting pesticides likely play in global amphibian declines.A trazine is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world. Approximately 80 million pounds are applied annually in the United States alone, and atrazine is the most common pesticide contaminant of ground and surface water (1). Atrazine can be transported more than 1,000 km from the point of application via rainfall and, as a result, contaminates otherwise pristine habitats, even in remote areas where it is not used (2, 3). In fact, more than a half million pounds of atrazine are precipitated in rainfall each year in the United States (2).In addition to its persistence, mobility, and widespread contamination of water, atrazine is also a concern because several studies have shown that atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor active in the ppb (parts per billion) range in fish (4, 5), amphibians (6-12), reptiles, and human cell lines (5, 13-15), and at higher doses (ppm) in reptiles (16-18), birds (19), and laboratory rodents (20-28). Atrazine seems to be most potent in amphibians, where it is active at levels as low as 0.1 ppb (6-10). Although a few studies suggest that atrazine has no effect on amphibians under certain laboratory conditions (29,30), in other studies, atrazine reduces testicular volume; reduces germ cell and Sertoli cell numbers (11); induces hermaphroditism (6, 8, 10); reduces testosterone (10); and induces testicular oogenesis (7-9, 31). Furthermore, atrazine contamination is associated with demasculinization and feminization of amphibians in agricultural areas where atrazine is used (32) and directly correlated with atrazine contamination in the wild (7,9,33,34).Despite the wealth of data from larvae and newly metamorphosed amphibians, the ultimate impacts of atrazine's developmental effects on reproductive function and fitness at sexual maturity, which relate more closely to population level effects and amphibian declines, have b...

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“…Atrazine is toxic to aquatic animals and most studies have noted that exposure of fish to atrazine results in biochemical parameter alteration, behavioral abnormality, and structural deformality, plus stress on reproduction and the immune system by quantifying white blood cells [22,[36][37][38][39][40]. Histopathological changes in kidney, liver, gills, and other organs due to exposure to different atrazine concentrations can lead to death [41,42,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Determination of Lethal Concentration Lc50 of Atrazine on Biochemical Parameters; Total Protein and Serum Albumin of Freshwater Fish Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Khan

Shah

Muhammad

et al. 2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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The indiscriminate use of herbicides has led to the contamination of water bodies, possibly affecting the health of aquatic biota, especially fish. Atrazine is considered as toxicants for aquatic fauna, due to its high persistence in soil, high half-life and high mobility toward aquatic bodies as well as high solubility in water. The objective of the present study was to determine (LC 50 ) and to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of atrazine on the biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin of freshwater grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Above 15 μlL -1

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Effects of Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review

Cited by 243 publications

References 185 publications

Effect of atrazine on immunocompetence of red-eared slider turtle(Trachemys scripta)

Effect of atrazine on immunocompetence of red-eared slider turtle(Trachemys scripta)

Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

Quantitative Determination of Lethal Concentration Lc50 of Atrazine on Biochemical Parameters; Total Protein and Serum Albumin of Freshwater Fish Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

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