Effects of antigen removal on a porcine osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair

Abstract

Given the limited availability of fresh osteochondral allografts and uncertainty regarding performance of decellularized allografts, this study was undertaken as part of an effort to develop an osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair. The purpose was to evaluate a simple antigen removal procedure based mainly on treatment with SDS and nucleases. Histology demonstrated a preservation of collagenous structure and removal of most nuclei. Immunohistochemistry revealed the apparent retention of α-Gal within osteocyte lacunae unless the tissue underwent an additional α-galactosidase processing step. Cytoplasmic protein was completely removed as shown by Western blot. Quantitatively, the antigen removal protocol was found to extract approximately 90% of DNA from cartilage and bone, and it extracted over 80% of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage. Collagen content was not affected. Mechanical testing of cartilage and bone were performed separately, in addition to testing the cartilage-bone interface, and the main effect of antigen removal was an increase in cartilage hydraulic permeability. In vivo immunogenicity was assessed by subcutaneous implantation into DBA/1 J mice, and the response was typical of a foreign body rather than immune reaction. Thus, an osteochondral xenograft produced as described has the potential for further development into a treatment for osteochondral lesions in the human knee. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2251-2260, 2018.

Graphene Oxide‐Doped Gellan Gum–PEGDA Bilayered Hydrogel Mimicking the Mechanical and Lubrication Properties of Articular Cartilage

“…[ 8c ] Differently, chondral defects cannot self‐regenerate at all. Conventional strategies, such as auto‐, allo‐, and xenografts or joint replacement full implants, have been adopted for cartilage repair, showing several limitations: [ 12 ] osteochondral autografts suffers from limited availability and risk of donor site morbidity; [ 13 ] osteochondral allografts are affected by low supply, short shelf‐life and the need to find a fresh postmortem tissue from a very young donor; [ 13b ] osteochondral xenografts might show an immunogenic response; [ 14 ] prostheses, necessary in case of irreparable AC damage, must be implanted via invasive surgery and the post‐intervention recovery is long and complicated.…”

Osteochondral regeneration in rabbit using xenograft decellularized ECM in combination with different biological products; platelet‐rich fibrin, amniotic membrane extract, and mesenchymal stromal cells

“…Thus, several previously used approaches were examined for OC tissue decellularization, but none led to complete cell removal and even in some cases, ECM was partially degraded, particularly in the cartilage section. Therefore, in the current study, the decellularization procedure, which was inspired by previous publications 2,47,48 with a few modifications, resulted in the highest decellularization efficiency than other methods, with a DNA content reduction to about 90% 48 to 95% 2 . Several benefits of this technique are that the combination of physicochemical and enzymatic steps was found to be cost‐efficient, with better feasibility, and showed optimal results.…”

Development of a decellularized porcine bone graft by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology for bone regeneration

“…In addition, well preservation of bone microporosity in DPB without structural distortion was observed. It was reported in the literature that decellularization process using chemical etching and oxidation technique removed only 55% DNA in ovine menisci (Stabile et al., 2010), 61% DNA in porcine decellularized patellar tendons samples (Seyler et al., 2017), 73%–84% DNA in bovine intervertebral disc (Hensley et al., 2018), and 90% in porcine cartilage and bone (Elder et al., 2018). In contrast, 99.1% DNA content has been successfully removed by the SCCO 2 decellularization process in this study.…”