Effects of Anthocyanin and Flavanol Compounds on Lipid Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Associated Systemic Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obesity

Abstract

Background. Naturally occurring substances from the flavanol and anthocyanin family of polyphenols have been proposed to exert beneficial effects in the course of obesity. We hypothesized that their effects on attenuating obesity-induced dyslipidemia as well as the associated inflammatory sequelae especially have health-promoting potential. Methods. Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 52) received a control low-fat diet (LFD; 10 kcal% fat) for 6 weeks followed by 24 weeks of either LFD (n = 13) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45 kcal% fat; n = 13) or HFD supplemented with 0.1% w/w of the flavanol compound epicatechin (HFD+E; n = 13) or an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (HFD+B; n = 13). Energy substrate utilization was determined by indirect calorimetry in a subset of mice following the dietary switch and at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 3 days and 4, 12, and 20 weeks after dietary switch and analyzed for systemic lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. Adipose tissue (AT) histopathology and inflammatory gene expression as well as hepatic lipid content were analyzed after sacrifice. Results. The switch from a LFD to a HFD lowered the respiratory exchange ratio and increased plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipid content. These changes were not attenuated by HFD+E or HFD+B. Furthermore, the polyphenol compounds could not prevent HFD-induced systemic rise of TNF-α levels. Interestingly, a significant reduction in Tnf gene expression in HFD+B mice was observed in the AT. Furthermore, HFD+B, but not HFD+E, significantly prevented the early upregulation of circulating neutrophil chemoattractant mKC. However, no differences in AT histopathology were observed between the HFD types. Conclusion. Supplementation of HFD with an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract but not with the flavanol epicatechin may exert beneficial effects on the systemic early inflammatory response associated with diet-induced obesity. These systemic effects were transient and not observed after prolongation of HFD-feeding (24 weeks). On the tissue level, long-term treatment with bilberry attenuated TNF-α expression in adipose tissue.

Delphinidin Ameliorates Hepatic Triglyceride Accumulation in Human HepG2 Cells, but Not in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

“…Despite an increase in relative levels of LKB1 after Dp administration, the global immunoblotting analysis revealed no significant changes in the pathway mentioned, as well as in the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, such as Acaca and Fasn , in hepatic tissue, or Srebf1 , Acaca , and Fasn in epididymal adipose tissue, due to the HFHC diet or Dp treatment. Our findings support a previous report, in which an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract administrated for a long period (24 weeks) in mice did not prevent either visceral fat-mass gain or hepatic lipid accumulation (triglycerides and total cholesterol) raised by an HFD (45% kcal from fat) [ 48 ].…”

Nonsense Mutation Inside Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene Controls Pigmentation in Yellow Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

“…Their biochemical role in plants is not fully understood, however, they have been considered to protect tissues from biotic and abiotic stresses, delay in senescence, assist in photosynthetic machinery, delay over-ripening and increase shelf-life of fruits and act as scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates (Zhang et al, 2013, 2016; Landi et al, 2015; Yousuf et al, 2016). They have also been described to have potential health beneficial effects in humans against cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases, beneficial effect on eye function properties, cancer, aging, inflammation, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases (Cassidy et al, 2013; Lim et al, 2013; van der Heijden et al, 2016; Yousuf et al, 2016). Aside from the health benefits, anthocyanins play an important role as an indicator of fruit quality and consumer acceptance (Espín et al, 2007).…”

Anticancer effects of Bilberry anthocyanins compared with NutraNanoSphere encapsulated Bilberry anthocyanins

“…Besides its role in fighting cancer, Bilberry is an effective support against type 2 Diabetes (12-15), vision improvement (16)(17)(18), obesity (19)(20)(21), cancer prevention (22)(23)(24), ulcerative colitis (25), anti-inflammatory (26,27), antioxidant (28,29), and gingival inflammation (30).…”